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Anatomy and Physiology I > Don't use (Unit 2 - Tissues) > Flashcards

Don't use (Unit 2 - Tissues) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 broad categories of tissues?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Neural
Muscular

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2
Q

3 types of tissue sections

A

Longitudinal
Cross section or transverse section
Oblique section

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3
Q

2 non-sectioned preparations

A

Smear

Spread

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4
Q

How do the four primary tissues differ from one another?

A

Cells
Matrix (extracellular material)
Space occupied by cells vs. matrix

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5
Q

What is the matrix (extracellular material) composed of?

A

Fibrous proteins

Gel

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6
Q

What does human development begin as?

A

A single cell - fertilized egg. First tissues appear when cells start to organize themselves into layers

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7
Q

3 primary germ layers

A

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

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8
Q

Outer germ layer

A

Ectoderm

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9
Q

Inner germ layer

A

Endoderm

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10
Q

Middle germ layer

A

Mesoderm

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11
Q

2 epithelial tissues

A

Epithelia

Glands

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12
Q

What do epithelial tissues’ basement membrane’s contain (3)?

A

Collagen
Laminin and fibronectin
Heparin sulfate

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13
Q

What do epithelial tissues’ basement membrane do?

A

Anchors epithelium to connective tissue

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14
Q

What are the two surfaces of the basement membrane on epithelial tissues?

A

Basal surface

Apical surface

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15
Q

5 characteristics of epithelial tissue

A 
Cellularity
Polarity
Attachment
Avascularity
Regeneration
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16
Q

4 functions of epithelial tissue

A

Provide physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialized secretion

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17
Q

3 ways epithelia maintain integrity

A

Intercellular connections
Attachment to basal lamina
Maintenance and repair

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18
Q

3 cell junctions at intercellular connections of epithelia

A

Tight junctions
Gap junctions
Desmosomes

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19
Q

Adjacent cells bound together by fusion of outer phospholipid layer of plasma membranes

A

Tight junction

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20
Q

Patch that holds cells together – resists mechanical stress

A

Desmosomes

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21
Q

What do hemidesmosomes do?

A

Anchor basal cells of epithelium to underlying basement membrane

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22
Q

Formed by a ring-like connexon – ions, glucose, amino acids, and other solutes pass from one cell to next

A

Gap junctions

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23
Q

What makes up a tight junction? (3)

A

Plasma membrane
Membrane protein
Intercellular space

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24
Q

What makes up a desmosome? (5)

A 
Intermediate filaments
Glycoprotein
Protein plaque
Intercellular space
Plasma membrane
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25
Q

What makes up a gap junction? (2)

A

Pore

Connexon

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26
Q

What is a basal lamina composed of? (2)

A

Lamina lucida

Lamina densa

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27
Q

3 components of a simple epithelium

A

Contains 1 layer of cells. Named by shape of cells. All cells touch the basement membrane.

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28
Q

3 components of a stratified epithelium

A

Contains more than one layer of cells. Named by shape of apical cells. Some cells rest on top of others and do not touch the basement membrane.

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29
Q

4 types of simple epithelia

A

Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar

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30
Q

4 types of stratified epithelia

A

Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar
Transitional epithelium

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31
Q

Two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia

A

Keratinized

Nonkeratinized

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32
Q

What happens to the deepest layers of stratified epithelia?

A

Undergo continuous mitosis

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33
Q

Where does tattoo ink get injected below?

A

The basement membrane

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34
Q

7 functions of connective tissues

A 
Support
Protection
Immune function
Movement
Storage
Heat production
Transport
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35
Q

Connective tissues: structural framework of body through bones and cartilage

A

Support

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36
Q

Connective tissues: cranium, ribs, sternum, protect delicate organs

A

Protection

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37
Q

Connective tissues: white blood cells attack foreign invaders

A

Immune function

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38
Q

Connective tissues: bones provide lever system

A

Movement

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39
Q

Connective tissues: fat, calcium, phosphorous

A

Storage

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40
Q

Connective tissues: metabolism of brown fat in infants

A

Heat production

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41
Q

Connective tissues: fluids and dissolved material throughout body

A

Transport

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42
Q

9 cell types in fibrous connective tissue

A 
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Leukocytes (WBC)
Plasma cells
Mast cells
Adipocytes
Mesenchymal cells
Melanocytes
Microphages
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43
Q

What do fibroblasts produce?

A

Fibers and ground substance

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44
Q

Wat do macrophages do?

A

Phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when sense foreign matter (antigens)

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45
Q

What do plasma cells synthesize?

A

Disease fighting antibodies

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46
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

Alongside blood vessels

47
Q

What do adipocytes store?

A

Triglycerides

48
Q

3 Fiber Types in Fibrous Connective Tissue

A

Collagenous
Reticular
Elastic

49
Q

What are collagenous fibers?

A

most abundant of the body’s proteins – 25%

tough, flexible, and resist stretching

50
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein

form framework of such organs as spleen and lymph nodes

51
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A

thinner than collagenous fibers

allows stretch and recoil

52
Q

3 Fluid Components of Fibrous Connective Tissue

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
Proteoglycan
Adhesive glycoproteins

53
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAG)?

A

play important role of regulating water and electrolyte balance in the tissues

54
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAG) composed of?

A

chondroitin sulfate

hyaluronic acid

55
Q

What does hyaluronic acid lubricate?

A

Joints

56
Q

What is proteoglycan?

A

structural bond between cells and extracellular macromolecules

57
Q

What do adhesive glycoproteins bind?

A

Components of tissues together

58
Q

2 Types of Fibrous Connective Tissue

A

Loose connective

Dense connective

59
Q

What are the two types of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar

Reticular

60
Q

What are the two types of dense connective tissues?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

Dense irregular connective tissue

61
Q

What are the 4 elements of areolar tissue?

A

Ground substance
Elastic fibers
Collagenous fibers
Fibroblasts

62
Q

What is areolar tissue?

A

Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and empty space

63
Q

What does areolar tissue underly?

A

All epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels

64
Q

Collections of specialized cells with specific functions

A

Tissues

65
Q

The study of tissues

A

Histology

66
Q

What does epithelial tissue line?

A

Digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. Also, fluid or gas-filled internal cavities and passageways such as the chest cavity, inner surfaces of blood vessels and chambers of heart.

67
Q

Cells are tightly bound together by cell junctions

A

Cellularity

68
Q

The structural and functional differences between the exposed (apical) and attached (basal) surfaces of the tissue.

A

Polarity

69
Q

The base of the epithelia is bound to a basal lamina or basement membrane.

A

Attachment

70
Q

Epithelia are avascular (lacking blood vessels)

A

Avascularity

71
Q

A high rate of cell replacement by stem cells in the epithelium.

A

Regeneration

72
Q

What do the apical surfaces of cells lining internal passageways have on their surfaces?

A

Microvilli which increase surface area to aid in absorption, secretion and transport

73
Q

What moves fluids across the surface of the epithelium?

A

Cilia

74
Q

What does cilia in the respiratory tract move?

A

Mucus, containing particles such as smoke, out of the lungs

75
Q

What are neuroepithelia specialized for?

A

The sensations of smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, and hearing.

76
Q

In glandular epithelium, what do most cells produce?

A

Secretions

77
Q

Individual epithelial cells may be specialized for: (3)

A

Movement of fluid over epithelial surface (protection or lubrication).
Movement of fluid through the epithelium (permeability).
Production of secretions (protection or chemical messengers).

78
Q

3 factors make the epithelium an effective barrier:

A

intercellular connections, attachment to basal lamina, and maintenance and repair.

79
Q

Connections between large areas of opposing cell membranes are formed by…?

A

Transmembrane proteins called cell adhesion molecules (CAMs).

80
Q

Adjacent cell membranes may be bonded by a thin layer of proteoglycans called…?

A

Intercellular cement

81
Q

Specialized areas of attachment between cells

A

Cell junctions

82
Q

What is a squamous cell shape?

A

Simple squamous epithelium is thin and flat. Only 1 layer thick, it is the most delicate epithelium. It is found in smooth, protected areas where absorption or exchange takes place (linings of lungs, blood vessels).

83
Q

What is a cuboidal cell shape?

A

Square

84
Q

What is a columnar cell shape?

A

Tall

85
Q

How are epithelia sorted into categories?

A

By cell shape and number of cell layers

86
Q

simple squamous epithelium lining ventral body cavities (pleura, peritoneum, pericardium).

A

Mesothelium

87
Q

simple squamous epithelium lining heart and blood vessels.

A

Endothelium

88
Q

What do the stratified squamous epithelium line?

A

The mouth, esophagus, and anus

89
Q

2 types of cuboidal epithelia

A

Simple

Stratified

90
Q

Where does simple cuboidal epithelium occur?

A

Where secretion or absorption takes place (e.g. lining of kidney tubules).

91
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands

92
Q

What do transitional epithelia tolerate?

A

repeated cycles of stretching without damage (e.g. urinary bladder)

93
Q

Why is transitional epithelia called “transitional”?

A

cell layers change appearance (from stratified to simple) as they stretch.

94
Q

3 types of columnar epithelia

A

Simple
Psueodstratified
Stratified

95
Q

cells, or collections of cells, specialized for secretions ranging from sweat to hormones.

A

Glands

96
Q

What do endocrine glands release?

A

hormonal secretions into interstitial fluids.

97
Q

What do hormones control?

A

Specific tissues, organs, and organ systems

98
Q

2 examples of endocrine glands

A

Thyroid gland

Pituitary gland

99
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts?

A

No

100
Q

What do exocrine glands release?

A

secretions into ducts which carry the secretions onto an epithelial surface such as the skin, or an internal passageway that communicates with the outside environment.

101
Q

4 examples of exocrine secretions

A

digestive enzymes, sweat, tears and milk.

102
Q

3 methods of glandular secretion

A

merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine.

103
Q

Most common glandular secretion

A

Merocrine

104
Q

Example of a merocrine secretion

A

Sweat gland

105
Q

How are merocrine secretions released?

A

From secretory vesicles by exocytosis

106
Q

What happens during apocrine secretion?

A

part of the cell cytoplasm is released along with the secretory product.

107
Q

Example of apocrine secretion

A

Mammary glands

108
Q

What secretions does milk production involve?

A

Apocrine and merocrine secretions

109
Q

What does holocrine secretion do?

A

Fills a gland cell and causes it to burst, killing the cell

110
Q

Example of holocrine secretion

A

Sebaceous glands which produces oil in hair follicles

111
Q

What must replace holocrine cells?

A

Stem-cell division

112
Q

3 types of secretions from exocrine glands

A

Watery secretions
Mucins
Serous and mucous secretions

113
Q

2 potential structures of exocrine glands

A

Unicellular

Multicellular

114
Q

What are the only unicellular exocrine glands?

A

Goblet cells, which secrete mucins

Anatomy and Physiology I (12 decks)

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