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Ap Human Geography > Unit 5 - Agriculture Test Review > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Agriculture Test Review Flashcards

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1
Q

The deliberate modification of
Earth’s surface through
cultivation of plants and the
rearing of animals to obtain
sustenance or economic gain.

A

Agriculture

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2
Q

Before agriculture

A

hunting and gathering, small groups of people

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3
Q

1st Ag Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)

A

humans first domesticated plants + animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting & gathering

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4
Q

Ag hearths

A

Ag developed independently of each other (independent hearths)

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5
Q

taboos in ag

A

Some regions can produce things but may not necessarily eat them

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6
Q

how industrial rev affects the 2nd ag rev

A

with industrial we get more tools which we can use to get higher yields

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7
Q

Farm size

A

in MDC’s farm size is relatively large, Large size is due to
mechanization

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8
Q

Southwest Asia (Fertile
Crescent) crops

A

Barley, wheat,
lentil, olive

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9
Q

East Asia crops

A

Rice, millet, soybean

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10
Q

Sub-Saharan Africa crops

A

Sorghum, yams, millet, rice, coffee

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11
Q

Latin America cops

A

Beans, cotton, potato, corn

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12
Q

Southwest asia animals

A

Cattle, goats, pigs, sheep, dogs

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13
Q

Central asia animals

A

horses

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14
Q

what are agricultural regions influenced by

A

climate, soil, landforms

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15
Q

two things that normally determine ag regions

A

climate, cultural preferences

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16
Q

cultural preferences

A

in regions where something is taboo you will not see those type of farms.

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17
Q

1st ag rev effects

A

Urbanization, Social Stratification, Occupational Specialization, Increased population densities

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18
Q

second ag rev

A

goes with industrial rev

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19
Q

SET

A

Science, Entrepreneurship, Technology

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20
Q

2nd ag rev - science

A

3 Field System, 4 Field System, selective breeding of animals

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21
Q

2nd ag rev - Entrepreneurship (business)

A

bigger farms = more food

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22
Q

2nd ag rev - Technology

A

Better tools = More Food

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23
Q

Technology

A

allows much greater production
(surplus) with less human labor, but has high social and environmental costs.

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24
Q

increased food production

A

leads to Better diet, Longer life, More people available to work in
factories.

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25
Q

Subsistence Agriculture

A

the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family

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26
Q

Commercial Agriculture

A

The production of food primarily for sale off the farm

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27
Q

LDC purpose of farming

A

Food to eat -Subsistence

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28
Q

MDC purpose of farming

A

Food to make money - commercial

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29
Q

percentage of farmers in LDC

A

high %

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30
Q

percentage of farmers in MDC

A

low %

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31
Q

machinery in LDC

A

basic animal, wood, & iron tools

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32
Q

machinery in MDC

A

highly advanced, electronic
machines

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33
Q

why is commercial agriculture expensive

A

cost of new machines

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34
Q

Agribusiness

A

incorporation of farms into major food production industry

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35
Q

what is involved in agribusiness

A

processing, packaging, storing, distributing, and retailing

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36
Q

LDC agriculture

A

Pastoral Nomadism, Shifting Cultivation, Plantation Farming, Intensive Subsistent Agriculture
Wet rice dominate, Intensive Subsistent Agriculture Wet rice not dominate

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37
Q

Pastoral Nomadism

A

Subsistence agriculture
based on herding animals, dry areas, Animals provide milk and their skin clothing and tents

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38
Q

what do Nomads practice

A

transhumance

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39
Q

seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and pasture areas

A

transhumance

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40
Q

what animals dominate the Middle East and North Africa

A

Camels, followed by sheep & goats

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41
Q

A form of subsistence
agriculture in which people shift
activity from one field to
another; each field is used for
crops for a relatively few years
and left fallow for a relatively
long period.

A

Shifting Cultivation

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42
Q

Shifting Cultivation method

A

slash-and-burn, or swidden agriculture

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43
Q

how slash and burn works

A

Farmers clear land
by slashing , then
burning it, then food is grown for a few years until the soil is depleted of resources, then left to fallow.

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44
Q

where is shifting cultivation practiced

A

humid low- latitudes (high temperature, high rainfall)

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45
Q

shifting cultivation crops

A

Maize, Cassava, yams are most dominant crops

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46
Q

shifting cultivation pros and cons

A

No fertilizers, or pesticides, Inefficient way to feed people, fields are not permanently cleared

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47
Q

Plantation farming

A

Tropics, subtropics, In LDC, but owned by MDC, Commercial agriculture, One or two crops

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48
Q

Plantation farming crops

A

cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, cocoa, bananas

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49
Q

Intensive

A

Small amount of land, Feed a lot of people

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50
Q

Extensive

A

Lots of land, Not as
much output of food

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51
Q

Intensive Subsistent Ag

A

Cultivation at a high density or
high production out of small
parcel of land

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52
Q

where does Intensive Subsistent Ag dominate

A

Southeast Asia

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53
Q

Intensive Subsistent Agriculture
Wet rice dominate

A

Flat land prepared with
animal, field flooded, Rice seedlings transplanted, harvested by knives

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54
Q

what is a field flooded known as

A

sawah

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55
Q

two harvests a year

A

double cropping

56
Q

Intensive Subsistent Agriculture
Wet rice NOT dominate

A

lower precipitation/harsh
winters, Wheat and barley, Crop rotation

57
Q

where does Intensive Subsistent Agriculture
Wet rice NOT dominate, dominate

A

Interior of India and
northeast China

58
Q

Pastoral Nomadism location simple

A

Dry areas

59
Q

Shifting cultivation location simple

A

Humid areas, humid jungle (Amazon of S. America, Central and West Africa, & SE Asia)

60
Q

what animals are primarily used in pastoral nomadism

A

Goats and camels in Middle
East and North Africa

61
Q

What is mostly grown in non-wet rice regions?

A

Wheat

62
Q

Ag in MDC

A

Mixed Crop and Livestock
Farming, Dairy Farming, Grain Farming, Livestock Ranching, Mediterranean Agriculture, Commercial Gardening and Fruit
Farming

63
Q

commercial farming, crops are fed to the animals, nearly all land is for crops, most income come from animal products

A

Mixed Crop and Livestock
Farming

64
Q

where is the corn belt

A

extends from Ohio to the
Dakotas

65
Q

top 2 crops in the U.S.A

A

corn, soybeans

66
Q

Most important commercial
agriculture practiced on farms
near the large urban areas

A

Dairy Farming

67
Q

where is Dairy Farming most important

A

large urban areas of
the, Northeast U.S., Southeast Canada, Northwest Europe

68
Q

the ring around a city from
which milk can be supplied without spoiling

A

Milkshed

69
Q

areas that produce milk further from the city specialize in what,

A

butter, cheese, they don’t spoil as quickly as fresh milk

70
Q

dairy farming problems

A

labor intensive, Cows are milked twice a day, everyday, expensive in feeding cows during winter months

71
Q

wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice,
millet, etc.

A

grain farming

72
Q

who is the world’s largest
comm. producer of grain

A

the U.S.A

73
Q

why is wheat the most important grain

A

used to make bread flour

74
Q

top producers of wheat

A

China, India,
Russia, and U.S.

75
Q

why is grain farming different from Mixed Crop Farming

A

the crops are eaten by humans

76
Q

Grazing of livestock over
extensive areas.

A

Livestock Ranching

77
Q

Livestock Ranching climate

A

semi-arid, suitable for cattle

78
Q

Most of the crops are grown for human consumption

A

Mediterranean Agriculture

79
Q

Mediterranean Agriculture climate

A

all border a sea and are on the west coast

80
Q

part of Mediterranean Agriculture

A

Horticulture

81
Q

growing of fruits, vegetables and flowers

A

Horticulture

82
Q

Most of the world’s olives,
grapes, and veggies

A

Mediterranean Agriculture

83
Q

why is Southeast U.S good for Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming

A

long growing season, humid climate, accessible to large markets on the East coast

84
Q

parts of Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming

A

Truck farmers,

85
Q

what do Truck farmers do

A

sell fresh to consumers or large processors for canning or freezing

86
Q

what do Specialty Farming people do

A

Farming crops that are eaten by affluent customers: peppers, asparagus, mushrooms, strawberries

87
Q

Von Thunen’s Conclusions

A

crop must sell for more than the cost of the land for profit, Distance to market is critical, but cost of transporting each product is different

88
Q

where is Von Thunen’s model still relevant?

A

LDC

89
Q

Economic law

A

any product in abundance
has less value than a product in less abundance

90
Q

Agricultural practices that
preserves and enhances
environmental quality for long term health of fields

A

Sustainable Agriculture

91
Q

what is included in Sustainable Agriculture

A

ridge tillage, Limited use of herbicides, integration of crops with livestock

92
Q

ridge tillage

A

Lower production costs, Soil conservation, Fewer herbicides

93
Q

how can you help a country go from a LDC to a MDC

A

trade

94
Q

Commercial agriculture
characterized by the integration
of different steps in the food-
processing industry, usually
through ownership by large
corporations

A

agribusiness

95
Q

Every part of the agribusiness process is owned by one company

A

Vertical Integration

96
Q

a large increase in crop
production in developing
countries achieved by the
use of fertilizers, pesticides,
and high-yield crop varieties

A

Green revolution

97
Q

when was mechanized farming introduced

A

Green revolution

98
Q

who had the greatest impact in the green revolution

A

Norman Borlaug in Mexico, success later spread to India

99
Q

green revolution results

A

Greatest effect felt in LDCs new, improved varieties of grains, Irrigation, Mechanization, Use of fertilizer, Use of pesticides

100
Q

what are the 5 cereals

A

wheat, rice, maize, sorghum
and millet

101
Q

Positives of the Green
Revolution

A

Yields are 2-4 times greater
The shorter growing season
Farming incomes up, rural communities diet can vary, Local infrastructure is better, jobs for industries that supply farms with resources and machinery

102
Q

Negatives of green revolution

A

Environmental Damage, Cost of technology and seeds, Mechanization of farming has increased rural unemployment

103
Q

any organism whose genetic
material has been altered using
genetic engineering technique

A

GMO

104
Q

pros of gmos

A

higher crop yield, reduced need for pesticides, improved food quality, increased nutritional value

105
Q

cons of gmos

A

possible allergies, unpredicted changes to the ecosystem, chance of new diseases developing

106
Q

meeting society’s food and textile needs in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

A

Sustainable agriculture

107
Q

sustainable agriculture 3 goals

A

conserve and protect natural resources, meet the food and fuel needs of a growing population, and be financially viable for both growers and consumers.

108
Q

Growing Population in developing worlds

A

Land left fallow for shorter time, Double or multi cropping

109
Q

Green Revolution

A

High yield seeds, Chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides,) and Mechanization

110
Q

Commercial Farmers

A

Dairy Farmers, Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations – Feedlots

111
Q

the process by, which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate
agriculture

A

Desertification

112
Q

irrigation- evaporation leaves salty residue

A

Salinization

113
Q

system of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to
reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation

A

Ridge tillage

114
Q

Crops are grown without application of herbicides and pesticides, GMO’s are not used

A

Organic Farming

115
Q

eating food that is locally produced, not moved long distances to market

A

Eat Local

116
Q

common definition of “local” food is food grown within 100 miles (160 km) of its point of purchase or consumption

A

Eat Local (not universally accepted at the mileage)

117
Q

CAFO

A

Concentrated animal feeding operation

118
Q

what is a Farm Subsidy also known as

A

an agricultural incentive

119
Q

a government incentive paid to agribusinesses, agricultural
organizations and farms to supplement their income, manage the supply of agricultural commodities, and influence the cost and supply
of such commodities

A

Farm Subsidy

120
Q

what is given in a farm subsidy

A

Minimum price for product, Import barriers, Pay farmers not to produce a certain crop, Give tax breaks for conservation effort

121
Q

where is slash and burn primarily used

A

central Africa, northern South America, and Southeast Asia.

122
Q

plantation farming location simple

A

Tropics, subtropics –
Latin America, Africa,
Asia

123
Q

Most common type of
commercial farming west of the
Appalachian Mts., Europe

A

Mixed Crop and Livestock
Farming

124
Q

larger producer of dairy products

A

new zealand (5% milk)

125
Q

Winter Wheat Belt

A

KS, OK, CO planted in fall, summer harvest

126
Q

Spring Wheat Belt

A

MT, Dakotas , S. Canada

127
Q

The cultivation of seafood
under controlled conditions

A

Aquaculture (aquafarming)

128
Q

the diffusion of animals, plants, and culture between America, Africa, and Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries

A

Columbian Exchange

129
Q

characteristic of ranching regions around the world

A

low population densities, poor land quality

130
Q

where is the fertile cresent

A

southwest asia

131
Q

Llamas and alpacas were first domesticated in _________

A

South America

132
Q

who was the first to integrate domestication of animals with cultivation of crops and where

A

Inhabitants of southwest asia

133
Q

where is considered the hearth for the domestications of many different animals like goat and sheep?

A

southwest asia

134
Q

two main factors of rural land use, according to the Von Thunen model

A

Transportation and land costs

135
Q

what two factors strongly determine the probability of a farmer turning a profit

A

transportation cost; distance from the central marker

Ap Human Geography (11 decks)

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