Unit 5 - Agriculture Test Review Flashcards
The deliberate modification of
Earth’s surface through
cultivation of plants and the
rearing of animals to obtain
sustenance or economic gain.
Agriculture
Before agriculture
hunting and gathering, small groups of people
1st Ag Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)
humans first domesticated plants + animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting & gathering
Ag hearths
Ag developed independently of each other (independent hearths)
taboos in ag
Some regions can produce things but may not necessarily eat them
how industrial rev affects the 2nd ag rev
with industrial we get more tools which we can use to get higher yields
Farm size
in MDC’s farm size is relatively large, Large size is due to
mechanization
Southwest Asia (Fertile
Crescent) crops
Barley, wheat,
lentil, olive
East Asia crops
Rice, millet, soybean
Sub-Saharan Africa crops
Sorghum, yams, millet, rice, coffee
Latin America cops
Beans, cotton, potato, corn
Southwest asia animals
Cattle, goats, pigs, sheep, dogs
Central asia animals
horses
what are agricultural regions influenced by
climate, soil, landforms
two things that normally determine ag regions
climate, cultural preferences
cultural preferences
in regions where something is taboo you will not see those type of farms.
1st ag rev effects
Urbanization, Social Stratification, Occupational Specialization, Increased population densities
second ag rev
goes with industrial rev
SET
Science, Entrepreneurship, Technology
2nd ag rev - science
3 Field System, 4 Field System, selective breeding of animals
2nd ag rev - Entrepreneurship (business)
bigger farms = more food
2nd ag rev - Technology
Better tools = More Food
Technology
allows much greater production
(surplus) with less human labor, but has high social and environmental costs.
increased food production
leads to Better diet, Longer life, More people available to work in
factories.
Subsistence Agriculture
the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family
Commercial Agriculture
The production of food primarily for sale off the farm
LDC purpose of farming
Food to eat -Subsistence
MDC purpose of farming
Food to make money - commercial
percentage of farmers in LDC
high %
percentage of farmers in MDC
low %
machinery in LDC
basic animal, wood, & iron tools
machinery in MDC
highly advanced, electronic
machines
why is commercial agriculture expensive
cost of new machines
Agribusiness
incorporation of farms into major food production industry
what is involved in agribusiness
processing, packaging, storing, distributing, and retailing
LDC agriculture
Pastoral Nomadism, Shifting Cultivation, Plantation Farming, Intensive Subsistent Agriculture
Wet rice dominate, Intensive Subsistent Agriculture Wet rice not dominate
Pastoral Nomadism
Subsistence agriculture
based on herding animals, dry areas, Animals provide milk and their skin clothing and tents
what do Nomads practice
transhumance
seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and pasture areas
transhumance
what animals dominate the Middle East and North Africa
Camels, followed by sheep & goats
A form of subsistence
agriculture in which people shift
activity from one field to
another; each field is used for
crops for a relatively few years
and left fallow for a relatively
long period.
Shifting Cultivation
Shifting Cultivation method
slash-and-burn, or swidden agriculture
how slash and burn works
Farmers clear land
by slashing , then
burning it, then food is grown for a few years until the soil is depleted of resources, then left to fallow.
where is shifting cultivation practiced
humid low- latitudes (high temperature, high rainfall)
shifting cultivation crops
Maize, Cassava, yams are most dominant crops
shifting cultivation pros and cons
No fertilizers, or pesticides, Inefficient way to feed people, fields are not permanently cleared
Plantation farming
Tropics, subtropics, In LDC, but owned by MDC, Commercial agriculture, One or two crops
Plantation farming crops
cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, cocoa, bananas
Intensive
Small amount of land, Feed a lot of people
Extensive
Lots of land, Not as
much output of food
Intensive Subsistent Ag
Cultivation at a high density or
high production out of small
parcel of land
where does Intensive Subsistent Ag dominate
Southeast Asia
Intensive Subsistent Agriculture
Wet rice dominate
Flat land prepared with
animal, field flooded, Rice seedlings transplanted, harvested by knives
what is a field flooded known as
sawah
two harvests a year
double cropping
Intensive Subsistent Agriculture
Wet rice NOT dominate
lower precipitation/harsh
winters, Wheat and barley, Crop rotation
where does Intensive Subsistent Agriculture
Wet rice NOT dominate, dominate
Interior of India and
northeast China
Pastoral Nomadism location simple
Dry areas
Shifting cultivation location simple
Humid areas, humid jungle (Amazon of S. America, Central and West Africa, & SE Asia)
what animals are primarily used in pastoral nomadism
Goats and camels in Middle
East and North Africa
What is mostly grown in non-wet rice regions?
Wheat
Ag in MDC
Mixed Crop and Livestock
Farming, Dairy Farming, Grain Farming, Livestock Ranching, Mediterranean Agriculture, Commercial Gardening and Fruit
Farming
commercial farming, crops are fed to the animals, nearly all land is for crops, most income come from animal products
Mixed Crop and Livestock
Farming
where is the corn belt
extends from Ohio to the
Dakotas
top 2 crops in the U.S.A
corn, soybeans
Most important commercial
agriculture practiced on farms
near the large urban areas
Dairy Farming
where is Dairy Farming most important
large urban areas of
the, Northeast U.S., Southeast Canada, Northwest Europe
the ring around a city from
which milk can be supplied without spoiling
Milkshed
areas that produce milk further from the city specialize in what,
butter, cheese, they don’t spoil as quickly as fresh milk
dairy farming problems
labor intensive, Cows are milked twice a day, everyday, expensive in feeding cows during winter months
wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice,
millet, etc.
grain farming
who is the world’s largest
comm. producer of grain
the U.S.A
why is wheat the most important grain
used to make bread flour
top producers of wheat
China, India,
Russia, and U.S.
why is grain farming different from Mixed Crop Farming
the crops are eaten by humans
Grazing of livestock over
extensive areas.
Livestock Ranching
Livestock Ranching climate
semi-arid, suitable for cattle
Most of the crops are grown for human consumption
Mediterranean Agriculture
Mediterranean Agriculture climate
all border a sea and are on the west coast
part of Mediterranean Agriculture
Horticulture
growing of fruits, vegetables and flowers
Horticulture
Most of the world’s olives,
grapes, and veggies
Mediterranean Agriculture
why is Southeast U.S good for Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming
long growing season, humid climate, accessible to large markets on the East coast
parts of Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming
Truck farmers,
what do Truck farmers do
sell fresh to consumers or large processors for canning or freezing
what do Specialty Farming people do
Farming crops that are eaten by affluent customers: peppers, asparagus, mushrooms, strawberries
Von Thunen’s Conclusions
crop must sell for more than the cost of the land for profit, Distance to market is critical, but cost of transporting each product is different
where is Von Thunen’s model still relevant?
LDC
Economic law
any product in abundance
has less value than a product in less abundance
Agricultural practices that
preserves and enhances
environmental quality for long term health of fields
Sustainable Agriculture
what is included in Sustainable Agriculture
ridge tillage, Limited use of herbicides, integration of crops with livestock
ridge tillage
Lower production costs, Soil conservation, Fewer herbicides
how can you help a country go from a LDC to a MDC
trade
Commercial agriculture
characterized by the integration
of different steps in the food-
processing industry, usually
through ownership by large
corporations
agribusiness
Every part of the agribusiness process is owned by one company
Vertical Integration
a large increase in crop
production in developing
countries achieved by the
use of fertilizers, pesticides,
and high-yield crop varieties
Green revolution
when was mechanized farming introduced
Green revolution
who had the greatest impact in the green revolution
Norman Borlaug in Mexico, success later spread to India
green revolution results
Greatest effect felt in LDCs new, improved varieties of grains, Irrigation, Mechanization, Use of fertilizer, Use of pesticides
what are the 5 cereals
wheat, rice, maize, sorghum
and millet
Positives of the Green
Revolution
Yields are 2-4 times greater
The shorter growing season
Farming incomes up, rural communities diet can vary, Local infrastructure is better, jobs for industries that supply farms with resources and machinery
Negatives of green revolution
Environmental Damage, Cost of technology and seeds, Mechanization of farming has increased rural unemployment
any organism whose genetic
material has been altered using
genetic engineering technique
GMO
pros of gmos
higher crop yield, reduced need for pesticides, improved food quality, increased nutritional value
cons of gmos
possible allergies, unpredicted changes to the ecosystem, chance of new diseases developing
meeting society’s food and textile needs in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Sustainable agriculture
sustainable agriculture 3 goals
conserve and protect natural resources, meet the food and fuel needs of a growing population, and be financially viable for both growers and consumers.
Growing Population in developing worlds
Land left fallow for shorter time, Double or multi cropping
Green Revolution
High yield seeds, Chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides,) and Mechanization
Commercial Farmers
Dairy Farmers, Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations – Feedlots
the process by, which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate
agriculture
Desertification
irrigation- evaporation leaves salty residue
Salinization
system of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to
reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation
Ridge tillage
Crops are grown without application of herbicides and pesticides, GMO’s are not used
Organic Farming
eating food that is locally produced, not moved long distances to market
Eat Local
common definition of “local” food is food grown within 100 miles (160 km) of its point of purchase or consumption
Eat Local (not universally accepted at the mileage)
CAFO
Concentrated animal feeding operation
what is a Farm Subsidy also known as
an agricultural incentive
a government incentive paid to agribusinesses, agricultural
organizations and farms to supplement their income, manage the supply of agricultural commodities, and influence the cost and supply
of such commodities
Farm Subsidy
what is given in a farm subsidy
Minimum price for product, Import barriers, Pay farmers not to produce a certain crop, Give tax breaks for conservation effort
where is slash and burn primarily used
central Africa, northern South America, and Southeast Asia.
plantation farming location simple
Tropics, subtropics –
Latin America, Africa,
Asia
Most common type of
commercial farming west of the
Appalachian Mts., Europe
Mixed Crop and Livestock
Farming
larger producer of dairy products
new zealand (5% milk)
Winter Wheat Belt
KS, OK, CO planted in fall, summer harvest
Spring Wheat Belt
MT, Dakotas , S. Canada
The cultivation of seafood
under controlled conditions
Aquaculture (aquafarming)
the diffusion of animals, plants, and culture between America, Africa, and Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries
Columbian Exchange
characteristic of ranching regions around the world
low population densities, poor land quality
where is the fertile cresent
southwest asia
Llamas and alpacas were first domesticated in _________
South America
who was the first to integrate domestication of animals with cultivation of crops and where
Inhabitants of southwest asia
where is considered the hearth for the domestications of many different animals like goat and sheep?
southwest asia
two main factors of rural land use, according to the Von Thunen model
Transportation and land costs
what two factors strongly determine the probability of a farmer turning a profit
transportation cost; distance from the central marker
