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Health > Unit 5: Adolescence and Development > Flashcards

Unit 5: Adolescence and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vulva?

A 
External female reproductive organs, including
Clitoris
Mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
vaginal opening
hymen
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2
Q

What is the clitoris?

A

A small knob of tissue in front of vaginal opening, rich with nerve endings and blood vessels, produces sexual arousal.

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3
Q

What is mons pubis?

A

rounded fatty pad of tissue covered with pubic hair, provides protection for pubic symphasis

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4
Q

What is labia majora?

A

The outer fold of tissue on either side of the vaginal opening, rich in nerve endings and blood vessels

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5
Q

What is labia minora?

A

The inner fold of skin on either side of opening, forming a hood over clitoris, protect against germs also provide sexual arousal. Also rich in nerve endings .

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6
Q

What is the vaginal opening?

A

First part of the reproductive system, visible when the labias are parted.

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7
Q

What is a hymen?

A

A membrane stretching across the vaginal opening, no known function, not present in everyone.

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8
Q

What is a vagina?

A

smooth, elastic muscle that makes up a tube-like passageway that’s 4-5 inches long. Also known as birth canal.

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9
Q

What is the cervix?

A

At the neck of the uterus, a very small muscle that dilates during childbirth.

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10
Q

What is the uterus?

A

A strong elastic muscle the size of a fist, holds and nourishes developing fetus. Three layers: Perimetrium (outer), myometrium (muscle), and endometrium (inner).

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11
Q

What are the fallopian tubes?

A

Tubes on each side of the uterus, about 4 inces long and 1/3 inch diameter. Lined with hairlike projections called cilia which assist in the movement of the ova through. Egg cells are fertilized here. Untreated STDs damage these.

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12
Q

What are ovaries?

A

Glands on either side of the uterus that house egg cells and produce estrogen and progesterone.

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13
Q

What does STD stand for?

A

Sexually transmitted disease

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14
Q

What are primordial folicles?

A

ovarian follicles consisting of an ovum enclosed by a single layer of immature egg cells in the ovaries.

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15
Q

What is astresia?

A

The degeneration of ovarian follicles which do not ovulate during the menstrual cycle.

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16
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Hormones from pituitary gland cause ovaries to produce female sex hormones, egg cells mature and one ovary releases one mature cell into its allopian tube.

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17
Q

How does the uterus prepare?

A

The uterus prepares for a possible pregnancy in each cycle by building a layer of blood and storing glycogen.

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18
Q

What is menstruation?

A

When the egg is not fertilized, the arterioles in the uterus will shrink and the tissues will deteriorate and shed through the vagina.

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19
Q

What are menstrual cramps?

A

Cramps that sometimes occur because of uterus muscles contracting, often during menstruation.

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20
Q

What is the order of the menstrual cycle?

A

Days 1-5 Menstrual phase, lining leaves body
Days 6- 13 Follicular phase, egg is being formed and uterus prepared.
Days 14 ish Ovulation, egg is released
Days 15-28 Luteal phase, fertilized egg implants, not fertilized egg disintegrates.

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21
Q

What does TSS stand for?

A

Toxic shock syndrome

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22
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

A condition in which the inner lining of the uterus is present in the abdominal cavity abnormally.

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23
Q

What is premenstrual syndrome? (PMS)

A

A variety of symptoms before a period because of hormonal imbalance or nutritional deficiency

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24
Q

What is dysmenorrhea?

A

Menstrual cramps/ painful contraction in the uterus

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25
Q

What is vaginitis?

A

Very common infection in the vagina caused by bacteria

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26
Q

What is a yeast infection?

A

An infection in the vaginal area caused by a fungus. Symptoms are itchiness and white discharge.

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27
Q

What is breast cancer?

A

Breast cells begin to grow abnormally and rapidly.

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28
Q

What are risk factors of breast cancer?

A 
Female
Increasing age
Breast cancer in the family
Obesity
Period at younger age
Beginning menopause younger
Having first child older
never being pregnant
Drinking alcohol
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29
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

the process that produces the sperm cell

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30
Q

What does GnRH stand for?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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31
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

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32
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Luteinizing hormone

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33
Q

What are the external male reproductive organs?

A

Scrotum
Testes
Penis
Glans

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34
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

A sac-like pouch that holds the testes, acts like a thermometer so they can produce

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35
Q

What are the testes?

A

Two male sex glands produce male sex hormones, testosterone and sperm (in a section called seminiferous tubules) Epididymis stores newly produced sperm.

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36
Q

What is a sperm cell?

A

A very tiny male sex cell. Has a head, neck, middle piece, and tail. Carries 23 chromosomes in the head.

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37
Q

What is the penis?

A

A tube-like organ that is normally soft but becomes hard/erect when filled with blood.

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38
Q

What is the glans?

A

The expanded distal end of the penis

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39
Q

What is circumcision?

A

Removal of the prepuce foreskin, which secretes smegma and can cause infections,c an be for health, cultural, or religious reasons.

40
Q

What are the internal male reproductive organs?

A 
Vas Deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Cowper's glands
Urethra
41
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

1 or 2 long tubes where the sperm pass from the testes to the urethra. About 18 in long and lined with cilia.

42
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A

2 small glands above and on either side of the prostate gland that make fluid with sugar to help sperm move (this fluid is 60% of semen)

43
Q

What is the prostate gland?

A

The gland that makes fluid that keeps the sperm alive (30% of semen is this fluid)

44
Q

What are cowper’s glands?

A

2 pea-sized glands secrete a clear alkaline fluid that cleanses the urethra of acid, allowing for the safe passage of sperm. (about 5% of semen.

45
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Tube-like organ that travels through the penis and leads to both the bladder and the ejaculatory ducts.

46
Q

What is semen?

A

A mixture of sperm and fluids.

47
Q

What is an erection?

A

Penis becomes hard and stands up due to hormones.

48
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

Semen leaving an erect penis.

49
Q

What are some male reproductive conditions?

A

Inguinal hernia, sterility, testicular cancer, and prostate cancer .

50
Q

What is puberty?

A

The part of adolescence when the reproductive system becomes mature.

51
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical substances produced in the body that are responsible for physical, emotional, and social changes.

52
Q

What is a secondary sex characteristic?

A

The features that distinguish the sexes.

53
Q

What does puberty do to boys?

A 
increase in height
Broadening of shoulders
deepening of voice
increase in muscle mass
increase in perspiration
growth of hair underarms, legs, chest, pubic area, and face
Increase in the size of reproductive organs
production of sperm
54
Q

What does puberty do to girls?

A 
increase in height
increase in breast size
growth of thick. dark hair underarms, legs, and pubic area
Increase in perspiration
Widening of hips
increase in size of reproductive organs
onset of menstrual periods
55
Q

What is heredity?

A

The traits and properties that are passed along biologically from both parents to the child.

56
Q

What is conception?

A

the process of getting pregnant, fertilization, implantation of a fertilized egg

57
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilized egg

58
Q

What is implantation?

A

when the zygote implants into the uterus wall.

59
Q

What is an embryo?

A

A cluster of developing cells following implantation.

60
Q

What is a fetus?

A

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception

61
Q

What is an amniotic sac?

A

A water-tight sac that develops and fills with water during month 1, cushioning the embryo.

62
Q

What is a placenta?

A

A round, flat organ that transfers nutrients to the baby and waste from it.

63
Q

What is quickening?

A

The first movement of a fetus.

64
Q

What is lanugo?

A

soft, fine hairs that protect the fetus and are shed after a week of being alive.

65
Q

What is vernix caseosa?

A

Whitish coating of the fetus’s skin to protect it from amniotic fluids.

66
Q

What are the stages of pregnancy?

A

1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester

67
Q

What happens during the 1st trimester?

A

Placenta and amniotic sac develop, primative face, mouth, lower jaw, and throat develop. Blood cells take shape and circulation begins. Tiny heart tube beats 65x/minute. Baby is about 1/4 in long by the end of month 1.
Face continues to develop. Ear begins as a fold of skin, buds that later grow into limbs, fingers, toes, and eyes are forming. Neural tube is well formed, digestive tract and sensory organs start developing. Bone starts to replace cartilage. Baby is 1 in long and 1/30 oz by the end of month 2.
Arms, hands, fingers, feet, and toes are fully formed. Can open and close fist and mouth. Nails are beginning to develop, external ears are formed. Teeth are starting to form, as well as reproductive organs, but gender is difficult to distinguish. Circulatory system, urinary system and liver are working. Chance of miscarraige drops. By the end of month 3, the baby is about 4 inches long and weighs 1 oz.

Implantation, developing into an embryo in 3rd week
Heartbeat can be detected after 6 weeks.
Facial features start to take shape in 7th week
Muscle movement begins in 8th week
Limbs, feet, and hands have formed. Pancreas, liver, and bile ducts are forming. Called a fetus in week 10
Internal organs have formed by week 13.

68
Q

What happens during the second trimester?

A

Baby’s heartbeat may be audible through a doppler. Fingers and toes are well-defined. Eyelids, eyebrows, eyelashes, nails, and hair are formed. teeth and bones are denser. Can suck thumb, yawn, stretch, and make faces. NErvous system is starting to function, reproductive organisms are fully developed and ultrasound on detect. By the end of month 4, baby is 6 in long and weighs 4 oz.
Developing and exercising muscles, hair grows on head, lanugo covers parts, skin is covered by vernix caseosa. By the end of month 5, baby is 10 in long and1/2 to 1 pound.
Skin is reddish, wrinkled, and veins are visible. Finger and toe prints are visible. Eyelidsbegin to part and open. Responds to sounds. By the end of month 6, baby is about a foot long and weighs 2 pounds.
Mother may start to feel movement during week 15
Fetus reacts to sound in 18th week
Can “practice” breathing, lungs are maturing in week 27.

Spleen makes red blood cells, hair, hiccups, and finger prints. Sex of baby can be determined.

69
Q

What happens during the 3rd trimester?

A

Fetus develops reserves of fat, hearing is fully developed, changes position frequently and responds to stimuli. Amniotic fluid begins to diminish, baby is about 14 in long and 2.4 pounds by the end of the 7th month.
Fetus continues to mature and develops reserves of body fat. Kicking more. Brain is developing rapidly can see and hear. Most internal systems are well-developed, but lungs may be immature. Baby is about 18 in and can weigh up to 5 pounds by the end of month 8.
Lungs are nearly fully developed, reflexes are coordinated, can blink, turn head, and grasp firmly. Position changes to prepare itself for delivery. About 18-20 inches long and weigh about 7 pounds.
Bones are fully developed but are soft and malleable (especially skull) by week 33.
Baby is fully developed by week 40.

70
Q

What is preeclampsia?

A

A complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema.

71
Q

What is edma?

A

Weight-gain due to water retention.

72
Q

What is ectopic pregnancy?

A

egg is implanted outside the uterus.

73
Q

What is a miscarriage?

A

An embryo or fetus dies before 20th week of pregnancy

74
Q

What is a stillbirth?

A

Birth of a dead fetus.

75
Q

What is fetal alcohol syndrome? (FAS)

A

Affected infant develops mental retardation that leads to mental disabilities and affects coordination, balance, and hyperactivity. May have defects in joints, limbs, or organs.

76
Q

What are teens more at risk for in pregnancy?

A

PRemature labor and/or delivery
Anemia
Preeclampsia
Having a baby with a low birth weight

77
Q

What is anemia?

A

Low iron levels in your blood

78
Q

What is preeclampsia?

A

Swelling, high blood pressure, and protein in your urine.

79
Q

What is abstinence?

A

The conscious decision not to participate in intimate sexual activity

80
Q

What are some consequences of teen sex?

A 
Worry
Regret
Guilt
Impaired personal development
Fear of future relationships
Lowered self-esteem
Depression
81
Q

What is a contraceptive?

A

A device, product, or behavior that prevents pregnancy.

82
Q

What is a hormonal contraceptive?

A

Involves the use of hormones to prevent ovulation, alter uterine lining, and make an unhealthy environment for fertilized eggs.

83
Q

What is an STD?

A

A disease caused by germs that are spread from an infected person to an uninfected person during intimate sexual contact

84
Q

What are bacterial communicable pathogens?

A

Pathogens that can be treated with antibiotics, can be reinfected, damage can’t be undone.

85
Q

What are viral communicable pathogens?

A

Will always have the virus, but will switch from dormant to active back and forth. Treatment tries to lesseneffects and keeping them out of active stage.

86
Q

What is trichomoniasis?

A

An STD caused by a parasite. Treated with antibiotics. Symptoms include: Odorous vaginal discharge; itching, redness and tenderness in or around the vagina in females; pain during sex in females; and bleeding after sex in females; discharge from the penis and discomfort after ejaculation in males; and pain with urination in both sexes.

87
Q

What is syphilis?

A

A bacterial infection spread by contact to a chancre (which is a sore caused by syphilis) or a condylomalata (which is a wart-like lesion caused by syphilis) This can be spread to an unborn baby during pregnancy or delivery. Comes in 4 stages. Treated with antibiotics.

88
Q

What is pubic lice?

A

Insects spread through sex or contact with infested clothing, etc. Live in pubic area or sometimes other body hair. Cause Itchiness in the genital area; skin redness and irritation that get worse at night. Treated with cream, lotion, or shampoo.

89
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

A

Infection of ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus caused by other STDs treated with antibiotics. Only in females. Most common symptom is lower belly pain. The pain may increase during sex; vaginal discharge; pain with urination; irregular periods or spotting

90
Q

What is hepatitis B?

A

A viral disease spreads through needles or sex. Can be either acute or chronic. No cure, but there is a vaccine. Wide range of symptoms from mild illness and general feeling of being unwell to chronic liver disease that can lead to liver cancer; the person feels unusually tired; feelings of nausea; no appetite and a mild fever

91
Q

What is gonorrhea?

A

A bacterial infection spead through sex, treated with antibiotics. Discharge from vagina, penis, or anus; in males, pain in testicles; in females vaginal bleeding between periods; rectal pain (especially during a bowel movement); pain when urinating.

92
Q

What are genital warts? (HPV)

A

Viral infection of warts on the vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, scrotum or anus, spread through sex or close sexual contact. Treated with medicine put on the wart, lazers, surgery.

93
Q

What is genital herpes?

A

A viral infection transmitted through sex, no cure, but medicine can decrease outbreaks and reduce risk of spreading. May not show any symptoms. If symptoms are present, there will be sores in the genital and anal area

94
Q

What is chlamydia?

A

A bacterial infection treated with antibiotics. Symptoms are discharge from the vagina, penis, or anus; pain in the lower belly; fever; pain with urinating.

95
Q

What is HIV?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

A germ that destroys helper T cells in teh body.

96
Q

What is AIDS?

A

Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

A condition that results when HIV infection causes a breakdown of the body’s ability to fight other infections.

97
Q

What are the stages of HIV/AIDS?

A

Initial infection - spread through sexual contact (usually)
Initial symptoms - many don’t have symptoms at first, some have flu-like illness within a month or two. Very infectious in this stage.
Asymptomatic stage - persistent or severe symptoms may not surface for anywhere from a few months to many years. This is when HIV is multiplying, infecting, and killy CD4+ cells.
Early AIDS symptoms - swollen lymph glands, lack of energy, weight loss, frequent fevers and sweats, persistent yeast infections, skin rashes, and short-term memory loss.
AIDS - Infected person becomes vulnerable to infections and cancers
Treatment - No cure, but some drugs can suppress the virus. These are expensive and can have significant side effects.

Health (8 decks)

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