Unit 5 Flashcards
What are the characteristics of the Scientific Revolution?
It was a “new science” with emphasis on rational inquiry. Science was being approached from an intellectual standpoint and not what standpoint the authories told people to take. Science was applied to inventions and nature, it became revolutionary
What was the foundation of new science?
Rational inquiry
Who was Captain Cook? Where did his fame come from?
James cook was the captain of a British voyage to the Pacific and greatly expanding their knowledge of the area. He was regarded as a national hero
Who was Isaac Newton? What were his contributions to science?
Isaac Newton was a British politican, essayist and philosopher. He did more than anyone else to create a systematic new architecture for science during the Scientific revolution
How was the Scientific Revolution and economy linked together?
It had real world applications to economics such as new inventions to invest in or sell
How did supporters of the Scientific Revolution and scientists view religion?
Science didn’t totally disagree with religion but it challenged some aspects of it that changed them in some people’s eyes and created tension
What was the agricultural revolution? Where did it take place? How were peasants treated during this era?
A revolution in agriculture and how it was done. Huge advancements in agricultural producitvity were made. Thhe revolution also created inequality and peasants lost their land and had to live with farm owners and work more to make more effiecient farms. It took place throughout Europe
Who was Thomas Hobbes? What were his views?
An English philosopher who rejected the divine right of kings and believed social order could only be maintained through absolute monarchy
Who was John Locke? What were his views?
An English philosopher and medical doctor who argued that political order was derived from a contract where individuals recieved protection of their basic rights.
Who was Montesquieu? What were his views?
A French thinker who argued for limitations of power in the government and distribution of power among different social classes and that the more societies advanced, the more liberal they would become
Describe Adam Smith’s theory on economic productivity
Economic productivity is based on division of labor. If an individual performed all the processes necessary to make a pin would be pressed to make one a day, but if the processes were subdivided among individuals specializing in certain areas would be more efficient
What country was the most important to the spread of the enlightenment? What city was at the center?
Paris, France
What was the role of women during the enlightenment?
They often hosted meetings in salons where ideas were shared. They also protested about exclusion from full intellectual life. They started becoming more brave, assertive and prominent.
Which French social class did the Enlightenment have the greatest impact on?
The bourgeoisie, or middle class
Describe the natives of Australia
They kept their distance from foreigners and sometimes attacked them. They were hunter-gatherers with vast knowledge of their environment and complex religious and artistic traditions. They had no social stratification or immunity to Afro-Eurasian diseases
Who was Simon Bolivar? What European Revolution inspired his desire to liberate South America?
A South American inspired by the French Revolution. He became an important military leader for South American independence
Where was Simon Bolivar from?
Venezuela
When did Bolivar drive the Spanish out of Peru?
1824
How did the Enlightenment influence Latin American and Carribean revolutionaries?
It inspired them to rebel, reform and change the way they think
What role did native Americans(Indians) play in the French and Indian War?
The assissted the French and had uprisings after the French were defeated
What Enlightenment values did the American Consititution noy fully achieve?
Slavery and inequality
What Enlightenment thinker’s ideas were written into the Declaration of Independence?
John Locke
Which treaty officially gave American colonies independence from England? What year?
Declaration of independence, 1776
What were the philosophes? How did they impact the French revolution?
They were the thinkers and esrly philosophers of the early French revolution who created and generated new ideas
What military leader took power during the final stages of the French revolution?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Describe the estates general. Was it fair and equal? How was it divided?
A meeting with an equal number of representatives from each French estate. It was not fair because the vast majority of people were in one estate, but did not get proportional representation
Describe the National Assembly’s “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen”
It was a document or comstitution prepared by the national assembly that stated everyone should have equal rights and opportunity, and that all citizens are eligable for government positions.
Describe the role of women during the French revolution. How important were they during the revolution? What actions did they take?
Women had a huge role in the revolution. They spoke out, got involved in meeting, and led the march on Versailles
What was Robespierre’s vision?
The only legitimate state was one that expressed the “general will” of the people
Who were the Jacobin? What were the results of their rule? What countries challenged them during their rule?
They were the most radical faction ruling after Louis XVI was removed. Violence and fear resulted from their rule. They made a new calendar and flag for France too. They were challenged by Austria and Prussia
What Enlightenment values did the American Consititution noy fully achieve?
Slavery and inequality
What Enlightenment thinker’s ideas were written into the Declaration of Independence?
John Locke
Which treaty officially gave American colonies independence from England? What year?
Declaration of independence, 1776
What historical empire did Napoleon get inspiration from?
Ancient classical Rome
What territory did Napoleon conquer? What territory was he unable to conquer?
He conquered most of continental Europe but was unable to conquer Britian and Russia
What was the deciding factor that lead to independence in Haiti?
racial liberty and equality
Who was Toussaint L’Ouverture? What revolution did he lead? Why is he important?
A military leader who used to be a slave who lead the Haitian revolution. Haiti gained independence and equality because of him
What South American country was first to gain independence from Spain?
Venezuela
What tactics did Latin American revolutionary leaders use to gain their indepedence?
They mimiced other revolutions, took advantage of when their rulers were weak and they would use the already resentful lower, mistreated class against them
The Industrial Revolution was characterized by changes in what?
The power of fossil fuels in industrializing economies was unleashed
How did the Industrial Revolution start?
Innovations; new forms of energy, new inventions and new ways of organizing human labor
Where did the Industrial Revolution start? When did it take place?
It started in Britian and lasted between 1750 and 1900
As the Industrial revolution became a global process, industrial nations developed what?
Improvements in transportation and communication
Who was James Watt? What did he develop?
A Scottish inventor who developed the world’s first powerful and cost-effective steam engine
What industry was most affected by the early changes during the industrial revolution? What changes happened within this industry?
Textile industry, division of labor and steam power combined to its full potential. Tariffs and cheap labor were a result of this
Why did transportation boom during this time period?
Global interaction increased heavily
What caused the shift from water to rail transportation?
The drop in the price of iron made railroads more efficient transport for products and people
What effects did the steam ship have on transportation?
The cut transportation time and costs and enhanced military capabilities
How did the textile industry affect India?
They came under British control and were actually deindustrialized because the British used them for cotton
Who was Muhammad Ali? How did he finance he industrialization of his country?
He was a ruler who tried to modernize his empire by sending scholars to study in France exporting more cotton and textiles
How did the middle and upper class view the poor in England?
They were just a surplus of the population and they were in charge of their own fate
Who became the dominant power in central Europe?
England
Who was Karl Marx? What were his ideas?
Karl Marx was a German author and philosopher. He believed that economic forces-the way things are produced-generate social, political and ideaological characteristics of a society
Who was Darwin? What were his ideas?
He was an English historian and geologist whi believed in evolution
What is Opium? How did the British East India company use it to their advantage in China? What were its effects?
Opium is a narcotic this is addicting. They introduced it to China because it was addicting and they would keep buying more.
In what ways did Britian and Victoria impose inequal rule over China?
They tried to make to Chinese addicted to Opium but wanted to get rid of it in their country
What was the Taiping rebellion? Was it successful why or why not?
It was a huge rebellion against the Qing dynasty. It was not successful because the Qing remained in power
What area did France defeat after the naval defeat of the Qing?
Vietnam
What was important about the Sino Japanese war? What territory did it involve?
A war over Korea between Japan and China
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
A rebellion caused by anti-West Chinese people
When did Japana and the United States first meet?
1853
Who controlled India during the 19th century?
Britian
What was the Indian revolt of 1857? Who were the Sepoys? How did it start and end?
The Sepoys were Indian soldiers who rebelled because they suspected the British were trying to pollute them with animal fat
What were the major causes of the scramble for Africa in the 1880s?
They wanted to “improve” the Africans and make them more like the Europeans
What was the Berlin Conference? Who called for it? What did it decide? Who got what and why?
A conference ordered by German Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck to organize the African states among different European nations.
What were the differences between Indian colonialism and African colonialism?
Most Africans confronted European power after the development of industrial technology like machine guns
