Chapter 17 quiz Flashcards
How were the Safavids and Ottomans different? How did Çelebi record their relationship?
Ottomans were defenders of the Sunni branch of Islam, and Safavids were shi’ites. Çelebi used humor to encapsulate them by describing the building of a mosque
What fueled fighting in 16th and 17th century Europe and the Middle east?
The combination of religious rivalries and politics
How had the fighting, competition and poltics of Europe and the Middle East changed from the 15/16th centuries to the 18th century?
The Safavid empire had collapsed and was no longer a major poltical player, the Ottoman empire was still an important presence, but lost the initiative to rising European states. The balance of power now favored European powers and Russia, and national competition replaced religious rivalries. The building blocks for European-dominating global power were in place
In terms of origin and rising to power, how were the Safavids and Ottomans similar and different?
Similar: They originated from nomadic, steppe-land environments, turkic speaking, adopted islamic law and tradition
Different: Different interperetations of Islam and conflicting views
How did the Russian empire rise? What else expanded along with the size of their empire?
They were settled, agrarian people, who turned the tables on the Mongols and began reconquering their stolen territory. They expanded their size, and the influence of The Russian Orthodox church spread with them
What was the one main characteristic the Russians, Safavids and Ottomans had in common with their empires?
They were land based empires
What city was the Ottoman capital? What were some of its main characteristics?
Constantinople. The Sultan’s palace was in the middle, while monumental buildings expressed religion and culture. Visitors were awed by the city itself
Where did the Ottomans derive their military strength from? What ended up happening to them and what were they called?
They derived their military strength from their calvalry, especially soldiers known as ghazis, who were nomadic horseman eager to conquer Christians for Islam. As time went on the military became more advanced and professional using gunpowder so ghazis were given land grants and maintained order and taxes, and didnt fight
What were Janissaries and why were they valuable to the Ottomans?
Janissaries were slave soldiers recruited from Christian lands. They were needed to expand and perform tasks within the empire. They became valuable because they were loyal because they had nothing to lose and assumed many positions in central administration
Who was Sultan Süleyman and what did he do for the Ottomans?
He was a strong military leader who expanded the empire. He devised a system that regularized relations between the government and the very diverse population. He promoted Islam but tolerated others and centralized rule
What happened to the Iberian Jews, what language did they speak and how were they significant to the Ottomans?
They were driven out of Catholic Spain and found a safe haven in Ottoman North Africa. They were a large part intellectually and comercially of the empire
How did the Europeans, Ottomans and Safavids interact in terms of military expedition and power?
The Ottomans persistently attacked, looted and led expeditions into Europe. The Europeans became allies with the Safavids because they were mutually against the Ottomans. The Ottomans played a big role in the balance of power in Europe
Who was Evliya Çelebi? What was his talent and what dream did he have that began his adventures?
Evliya Çelebi was the son if the chief goldsmith of the sultan of the Ottoman empire. He was gifted in the art of religious citation and had a dream that Muhammad visited and told him he will be a great traveler
What were the Safavids referred to as and why? What was their motivation and which sect of Islam were they?
They were known as Kizilbash, or redheads because of the color of their turbans. They were religiously motivated and members of an unorthodox sect of Islam led by Ismail
How did Safavids treat conquered peoples in terms of religion?
The forced their religion on them
How did the Safavids ensure political and religious loyalty of their subjects? What was one exception to this rule?
They decreed that the names of Sunni caliphs and the first successors to the prophet should be publicly cursed unless Ottoman officials were present
Who was Shah Abbas I and what did he do for the Safavid dynasty?
He built a new, magnificent capital of Isfahan, made allies with Europeans, enhanced the economy, and influenced the construction of the Taj Mahal
Who was Ivan III and what did he do for Russia, and how did he impact Russia way past his rule?
Ivan III was a Russian ruler. He ruled from his capital at Moscow, drove the Mongols out, named himself tsar and declared Russia would defend Orthodox Christianity. His territorial strategy impacted future Russian imperial policy
Who was Ivan IV and what did he do for Russia? What name did he earn and why?
Tsar Ivan IV was the next generation Russian ruler of Ivan III. He further centralized rule and expanded the empire. He earned his named “Ivan the terrible” for his cruelty
What was valuable about the lands of Siberia to Russia?
They had a large supply of animal furs, which Russia trade on a large scale locally and long-distance
What followed the death of Ivan IV, and who/what ended that period?
A time of trouble and confusion with no clear heir to tsar. Mikhail Romanov ended this period by starting the Romanov dynasty
What did the Romanov dynasty do for Russia?
Power was further centralized and expansion continued, Russia became one of the most land-enduring empires of all time
What was the main revenue for the Russians as in all land based empires? What about this was distinctive in Russia?
Agricultural surpluses were the main revenue. What was distinctive in Russia was the persistance of serfdom, in contrast to Europe
What area did the Habsburg dynasty ecompass and how did they come to power? Who were their competitors/enemies?
The Habsburgs were the most powerful family in Europe at the time and came to power through marriages and diplomatic moves. They came to rule Spain, the Netherlands, parts of Italy and much of Germanic-Speaking Europe. Up and coming England was anti-Spanish and France competed with them for power
What happened to Europe after the decline of the Habsburgs, who rose to power after that?
A period of violence and war fueled by religious motivation followed. Stability returned by the 18th century and France, England, Austria, Spain and the Netherlands came to power
How were 18th century France and England different religiously and politically?
France was Catholic and had absolute royal power, England was Protestant and had split power between a King and Parliament
Who was Charles I and why was he significant?
He was the most significant ruler of the Habsburg dynasty, having control of the most territory the dynasty ever had. He was crowned Holy Roman emperor by defeating the French king. He also presided over the introduction of Luthernism to Christianity and divided the empire among his brother and son
What happened to Spain under Phillip II?
He presided over the magnificent court of Madrid, viceroyalties of New Spain were established, and the Phillipines came under Spanish control. His attempts to impose Catholic Othrodoxy made religious divisions worse and wars strained Spains treasury
Who were the Spanish moriscos and what happened to them under Phillip II?
They were Arabic-speaking Iberians who stayed in Spain after 1492 who were forced to convert to Christianity. Many of them still practiced Islam in private and when the church tried to impose, they rebelled and Phillip ordered the expulsion of them
Who was John Calvin and why was he significant?
He was a Protestant leader whose reformed church emphasized the absolute power of god over humanity. Calvinists were reguarded as heretics but could not be put down by Phillip II and eventually signed a peace treaty that led to independece of Dutch provinces
What was the Thirty Year’s war and its effects? How was it brought to an end?
A series of wars started between Lutherans and Catholics and was further complicated by interests of other European powers. Up to 30 percent of the rural population died from disease and famine. It was brought to an end by the peace of Westphalia
How did Çelebi feel about the messages and art from Catholic priests?
As a Muslim, he frowned upon and disagreed with the concepts, but was impressed by the art and messages
What was Çelebi impressed by in Vienna?
He was impressed by their education and medical skills, libraries and commercial skills and shops
What was the relationship of the Ottomans and the Austrians in the Habsburg era?
They were fighting and in conflict most of the time over territory and other reasons too
What political problems did France and England both face and how did they fix them? How hard was it to fix them?
Religious differences and conflicts between kings and aristocrats over weight of power. Centralizing forces overcame these problems, but with great violence
What were Protestants and Calvinists known as in France? What started happening to them after they rose?
They were known as Huguenots and they were being slaughtered and religiously persecuted, which caused conflict
Who was Henry IV and what did he do while on the throne?
Henry of Navarre took the French throne and became Henry IV. Facing a hostile Catholic population, he publicly converted to Catholicism. He then issued the Edict of Nantes, granting limited toleration of Protestant worship, but tensions still persisted
Who was Cardinal Richelieu and what were his interests? What did he do and what were the effects?
He was the dominant French political figure of the time and his interests were in the French monarchy rather than religion. He allied France and the German Protestants against the Spanish Hansburgs. His attempts to give power to the monarchy created resentment in the common people
Who was Louis XIV and what did he do for France? What happened when he took the throne?
When he took the throne revolt broke out. When he came of age he created a very powerful court and increased the use of officials called intendants, who went around the country and enforced royal standards. He revoked the Edict of Nantes and realigned France with Catholicsm, which led to many Protestants fleeing the country
What did European countries do when faced with the possibility of the Habsburgs reunifying Madrid and Vienna under one ruler?
The European powers supported a plan to put Louos XIV’s bourbon family on the Spanish throne, thinking the French and Spanish crowns could never be unified
What religion did Queen Elizabeth of England follow, and what religion was made illegal?
She followed the Anglican church of England and made Catholicism illegal
Who were the Puritans that arose in 17th century England?
They wanted reform to purge Catholic influences and became discontented with the kings after Elizabeth. They disliked the court life and culture of luxury of Anglican bishops and complained about increased taxes and assertions of centralized royal power
Why was Charles I of England significant and what did he do or what happened under his rule?
He pursued war with Spain and supported French Huguenots. He disbanded a petition against him and became so desparate for money that he reconvemed parliament and arrested several parliament leaders for treason for trying to change the Anglican church which led a rebellion, which caused him to flee the country
Who was Oliver Cromwell and what did he do?
He was a puritan leader who organized opposition against Charles I. His forces captured and beheaded him and he started the English commonwealth and made radical reforms
How did Charles II approach the religious state if England? How did Parliament respond to this?
Charles II was relatively tolerant, but parliament imposed restrictions on Catholics and Protestants who rejected the Anglican church
What did James II seek to do with the religious state of England? How did parliament respond to this?
James II did not impose Catholicism, but seeked greater tolerance for it. Parliament responded by inviting Charle’s protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband to take the throne. James II raised an army but was defeated and they took the throne
What was the accession of William and Mary to the throne known as and why?
The Glorious Revolution because it made England permanently Protestant
What was the English Bill of Rights and why was it important?
It was a list of protections of right of people in England and set important precedents for the future such as freedom of speech and right to trial by jury
What caused the decline of the Safavids?
Weakness at the top. Shah Abbas neglected to groom a successor, so the next shah’s had been raised in royalty their whole and were ignorant and had no experience. The last Shah tried to reverse this trend, but it wasnt enough for the weak empire, they were invaded and conquered
Why did the Ottomans stop expanding?
Alhought they remained powerful, gunpowder warfare made military offense and defense more expensive. The agricultural and commercial production did not keep up with economic and territorial expansion, however, it sustained the empire the way it was
How did Habsburg Austria assert a single royal authority over a very diverse population, and how did this strengthen them?
As long as authority of the king was acknowledged and taxes were paid, local autonomy was accepted. The diversity of resources and trade in the dynasty provided a solid foundation for them, making them a formidable power
When did Prussia emerge as a power and what was their capital?
They rose after the Thirty Year’s War and the capital was Berlin
What did King Frederick William do/what happened to Prussia under King Frederick William?
Prussia became a pioneer in military technology and organization, developed a professional army making them powerful, a rural aristocracy came to power, the middle and lower class had little political power
What did Tsar Peter the Great do to/for Russia? What remained the same?
Tsar Peter the Great undertook reforms to put Russia on par with Western cultures. He made a huge, modern army, created an education system and expanded the empire. The middle class remained small and weak and the situation for serfs remained bad too
What was mercantilism?
The dominant economic theory of 17th and 18th century Europe. It was a policy that put national economic interests as a top priority and undermine competition
