Unit 4 Flashcards
What is the historical impact of Columbus’ Voyages? How did he initially view the geography of the world? How did the Portuguese and Spanish advisors view differ?
It caused a race for the new land and territory among many large empires. Columbus thought the distance from the Iberian Peninsula to the Western edge of Asia was a much shorter distance than it actually was, and thought the earth was mostly land. The advisors viewed the distance as much greater than Columbus realized, but didn’t know that the America’s lay between them.
How were the voyages of Columbus and Zheng He similar and different?
China was richer and Spain and Portugal had large motivations bevause of their small size. The navigators from the Chinese voyages knew the location of each destination because they followed the two hajj routes, where as Columbus was consciously exploring.
What was the Treaty if Tordesillas? How did it treat Christian lands?
A treaty by Portugal and Spain that established a dividing line, west of the line belonged to Spain and east of the line belonged to Portugal. They also could not affect lands ruled by a Christian monarch.
Why did the Inca eventually fall to Pizzaro?
The Spainish forces led by Pizzaro at a time where the was a fight over the Inca throne after the small pox epidemic that Pizzaro took advantage of.
What were the key characteristics of the encomienda system?
Encomienda means “trusted”, its was a system established by the Spanish in hope of clarifying arrangements with the colonists and ending the abuse of indigenous people in the Americas.
What were the key characteristics of the Columbian exchange?
An exchange of plants, animals, goods and diseases across the Atlantic ocean between Europe and the Americas after 1492.
What disease was brought the Europe from the Americas?
Syphilis
Describe the racial divisions of the New World, who most the most and least respected?
At the top of society and most respected were those born in Europe, below them were creoles, those with 2 European parents born in the Americas, below them were those of mixed descent, and below them and least respected were Amerindians and African slaves.
What is Humanism? Who were the early Humanists?
Humanism was an early intellectual movement in Italy by scholars. They studied the same texts as before, but they tried to impart a more general understanding of them to their students in hope that students would improve morally and help others do the same.
Who was Henry the Navigator? How did Christianity motivate him? How did he deal with slavery?
Henry the Navigator was a Portuguese Prince who led an army of several thousand men to capture the fortress of Ceuta hoping to convert them to Christianity. He was engaged in slavery and started bringing them back to Europe and presenting and selling them
What was the predominant religion during the Ming dynasty?
There was a mix lf many religions, although, Confucianism was most predominant.
Who was Vasco da Gama and why was he significant?
He was a Portuguese explorer who led the first European naval expiedition to India by sailing around Africa, laying the foundation for Portuguese presence in India.
Why were the Portuguese not interested in building an empire where they traded? What is a good example of this?
They could insert themselves in anyones commercial economy and extort payments. An example of this is requiring all traders in the Indian Ocean to purchase a protection license from them, if there were traders with no protection license, they could risk being shot down. People had to pay to be protected from violence the Portuguese themselves created.
Why did the Portuguese trade on the Indian ocean decline?
To gain access to African, Middle Eastern, and Asian trade products and profits, as well as expand their power.
What was a joint stock company?
Business organizations in which shares are sold to multiple stock holders to raise funds for trading ventures, while spreading risk and profit; often backed by government charters backed by monopolies of particular goods or with specific region. These originated because if something went wrong with a single venture from a single merchant, they could be financially ruined.
What joint stock company profited the most from spice trade in the east?
The Dutch East India company
How did silver stimulate trade?
Silver was what connected the Americas, Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. The Europeans finally had something productive to offer to the Asian economy which allowed a world economy to begin.
What type of trade eventually replaced the importance of trading gold in Africa?
The sugar/slave plantation trade produced huge profits after gold in Africa.
How did African slave trade impact sugar production in the Americas?
African slave trade increased sugar production because it was able to be produced more efficiently at a lower cost.
How did the Mughal empire become the most powerful state in South Asia?
Mughal India was able to rise because it was in a good region to expand and conduct massive trade.
Why did the Mughal empire lose power on the Indian Ocean?
Akbar’s successor was a weak ruler and didn’t anything about rebellions so his wife had to deal with it all, she exported rebels overseas.
Who was emperor Akbar? Why was he important? How did he treat religious tolerance?
Emperor Akbar was the emperor of Mughal India. He ruled Mughal India at its height. His religous policy was of tolerance and inclusion.
Summarize Hindu and Muslim relations in India.
Hindus in India were incorporated into the administrative system at a regional level and Muslim rulers were very tolerant of them. The Hindu people were accustomed to a social system where not much attention was directed to people outside their caste, so they might have viewed Muslims as just another caste.
What was the Madate of heaven like in 16th century China?
The ruler was the “son of heaven” and the ruler ruled with the “Mandate of heaven”. China also established themselves as the Middle kingdom and the center of the world.
How did Ming emperors view China compared to the rest of the world?
The emperor viewed foreign kingdoms as tributaries. They were expected to send annual missions bearing tribute in acknowledgement of China’s preeminent position.
How did the worldwide silver trade present problems for Ming China?
The Ming had a negative ciew on seaborne trade. By not engaging in the world economy, since their trade was stimulated by silver from distant lands, they were vulnerable to distant economic shocks and inflation
What caused the Ming to decline?
The decline of the Ming was associated with the Wanli emperor, who was apathetic to his duties, and allowed corruption in the government and let bandits run free, and let the dynasty fall apart.
Describe Japanese samuri.
The Japanese followed a strict code of honor and loyalty called the bushido code. They were also practitioners of Zen schoolnand Bhuddism, with emphasis on discipline and acute awareness.
Describe the power of the Japanese emperor.
The Japanese emperor was a ritual figure with no real authority. Their greatest political power was the ability to act as a supreme military ruler who acted independently of the imperial court.
What was the bushido code?
A strict code of honor and loyalty followed by Japanese samuri
How did the Indian Ocean connect China to the rest of the world?
It connecting Chinese coasts with coasts from other lands by sea.
Describe the Tokugawa Shogunate
The Tokugawa Shogunate was a dynasty of the Shoguns, who were paramount military leaders from Japan. They brought political stability that made economic and demographic growth possible, by restricting the daimyo lords
Who was Martin Luther?
A German theologian who was excommunicated from the Catholic church and launched the Protestant Reformation in reaction to corruption in the Catholic church.
Who were Lutherans?
Followers of Martin Luther who believed that one should look for truth in the bible and rejected the hierarchy of the Catholic church
How did Martin Luther spread his message so quickly and in such mass?
Luther translated the bible from Latin to German, allowing people to read it themselves for the first time and converted many people that way.
What was an indulgence?
Something that Popes and Bishops sold that church authorites said could liberate souls from purgatory and allow them to go to heaven
What was the Catholic Reformation?
A reform movement in the Catholic church that developed in response to Protestant Reformation. The church clarified church doctrines and instituted a program for better training for priests
What did the church charge Galileo Galilei with heresy?
He challenhed the churches idea of the solar system with evidence of a heliocentric theory
Describe the Taj Mahal
It was a structure built by Akbar’s grandson as a memorial to his wife influenced by Persian and Mughal architecture
What is one major similarity between the Russians, Safavids and Ottomans?
Their empires were land based, created by overland expansion of political and military power into neighboring territories
What city was the Ottoman capital located?
Constantinople
What territories were apart of the Ottoman empire?
The Black Sea, the Eastern and Southern shores of the Mediterranean, Greece and Arabian North Africa
Who were Janissaries? Why do they matter?
Janissaries were elite corps of slaves trained as trained as professional soliders in the ottoman military. They were important because the Ottomans relied on them
What religion did the Ottoman empire rule under? How did they treat other religions?
Islam. They allowed other religions to govern their own affairs as long as they remained loyal to the sultan and payed their taxes promptly
Who was Suleyman the magnificent? How did he rule the Ottomans? Did he use a legal system? How did he incorporate culture?
Suleyman the magnificent was a Sultan of the Ottoman empire. He ruled with an administration system that regulated relations between the government and its population. He centralized religous authority and sponsored the building of Mosques and schools
What was the Safavid empire? Who was Ismail? What type of Islam did they follow? What does Kizilbash mean?
The Safavid empire was and empire founded in Iran. They were Shi’ite Islam. Kizilbash means “redheads”, which they were known as because of the color of their turbans. Ismail was the founder of the Safavid dynasty
How did the boundries between Sunni and Shia Muslims form?
The Safavids that the name of Sunni caliphs, the first successors to the prophet, should be publicly cursed
Who was Abbas I? Why is he important?
Abbas I was a Safavid ruler who created a long and stable reign. He beautified the capital of Isfahan, promoted trade, and repelled Ottoman invaders
Who was Ivan III and who was Tsar Ivan IV?
Ivan III ruled Muscovy from his capital at Moscow, drove the weakened Mongols out of other Russian states and asserted his authority over them, and called himself Tsar. A generation later, Ivan IV extended Russian power and earned a nickname for his random acts of cruelty
How did fur motivate the Russians?
It was something they could trade on a massive scale and earn money with
Describe the Romanov dynasty, how did it start and end?
The Romanov dynatsy started after a period of uncertainty over who was in rule until Russian nobles offered power to Mikhail Romanov. The Romanov dynasty centralized power and brought stability. Their rule ended in the early 20th century
Who was John Calvin?
A Protestand leader whose followers emphasized individual and spiritual study and the absolute sovereignity of god
What was the most valuable Spanish export from the American colonies?
Silver
What new society was created in the Americas by blending cultures? What types of peoples and cultures mixed?
A Spanish society in the Americas was established with the mixing of Spanish, natives, and imported African slaves
What is a viceroy and viceroyalty?
Seats of power of the Spanish officials representing the king in the New World. Viceroys are the highest officials in viceroyalties
What group was outraged by the treatment of native peoples in the Americas? Who led this group?
Catholics leds my Dominican friar Batrolomè de las Casas
Where did most of the silver from South America end up?
China
What role did silver play in creating a modernized economy?
It allowed he Europeans to trade with China stimulated the development of a more integrated early world economy
How did silver mining affect the natives?
The male native laborers were abused, worked in brutal conditions, and did not make enough money for their family. They were victims of mercury poisoning as well. The family of those males at home had to work hard to compensate for their absence and themselves
How was Spanish and Incan labor system similar?
They both use a work and labor system(mita)
What happened to the native populations as a result of slavery?
They were abused, killed or became part of a lower, despised social class
Where was Tobacco originally grown?
English colonies in North America
Who was Olaudah Equiano? What did he write? Why does his story matter?
Olaudah Equiano was an African slave who purchased his own freedom. He wrote a narrative of the horrors that slaves commonly experienced. It is important because we have a story from African, and not European perspective
What is the estimated number of slaves brought out of Africa between the 16th and 19th centuries?
At least 12 million
When brought to the Americas what industry did most slaves work in?
Sugar plantations
Describe the Triangular trade, who sent and recieved what?
Africa: Sent Africans to Americas as slaves
America; Sugar, tobacco and other native resources were sent to Europe
Europe: Manufactured goods to Americas and Europe
How was the resistance to disease both a positive and a negative for Africans?
It was a positive because they were more likely to survive, but a negative because if they survived they had to go through being a slave
Slavery has always been apart of human history, but how did it change in the 17th and 18th centuries?
Slavery was conducted on a huge scale and was the heart of economic success in certain societies. They were not valued and placed very low socially
What were the dangers of sugar cultivation and processing?
The work was strenuous and accidents like kettles exploding occurred
How did slaves rebel?
Slaves looked for ways to escape a be defiant in any way they could, large or small, even before they got to the Americas
Why did African leaders become involved in slave trade?
If slaves were captured, they could be traded to the British for resources, such as currency, rum, guns and cloth
What was the abolitionist movement? When did slavery end in England?
A movement to abolish slavery in England. It ended in 1807 in England
What territories did the Qing dynasty encompass?
All of China, central Asia, and areas to the north and east of China
Where were the Qing initially from?
The area North and East of China
What type of hairstyle did the Qing/Manchu have? Did they impose this on the Chinese?
A shaved forehead and single long braid in the back, which was imposed on the Chinese
Describe Qing culture. Were the Qing/Manchu expected to intermarry with the Chinese?
The society was Patriarchal and most people studied Confucianism. They werent expected to intermarry
How did the Qing treat foreigners from Europe?
The treated the Russians on equal terms, but were reluctant to grant diplomatic equality to Europeans
