Unit 3 Flashcards
How is the Kaaba related to Judaism?
The Kaaba is associated with Abraham, the patriarch described in the Hebrew bible.
From whom did Muhammad recieve his message?
Muslims believe that god spoke to him through the angel Gabriel, after which Muhammad called on everyone to submit to god.
What is the meaning if the term Islam?
Submission or surrender.
Define the term Hijra
Hijra: The migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina.
Define the term Jihad
Jihad: A struggle or fight against non-muslims. Most modern Muslims use the term in a spiritual or moral sense to indicate an individual’s striving to fufill all the teachings of Islam.
Define each of the 5 pillars of Islam.
- Shahadah: To bear witnes to Allah a
- Salah: To pray 5 times per day
- Zakat: To pay a fixed share of ones income to the state in support of the poor and needy
- Sawm: fastig during the month of Ramadan
- Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca
What does Sunni translate to and what are their beliefs?
Sunni translates to “people of custom and the community”. They believe that the leader of the Islamic community could be chosen by consensus and that the only legitimate claim to descent was through the male bloodline.
What does shiites translate to and what are their beliefs?
Shiites translates to “party if Ali”. The support Ali’s claim to succeed Muhammad but also believed that grandchildren of Ali and Fatima should lead the community.
What is the official language of the Quran?
Arabic.
How and why did Caliphs exert their power?
Caliphs exerted their power with their own government and polticial army because the Muslim religious community was also a state.
How did Muslim rulers treat conquered peoples?
The Muslim ruler levied the same tax rates and treated them equally provided they convert to Islam.
Summarize the Umayyyad dynasty and include period, rulers, important people, and important events and ideas.
Started when a member of the Umayyad clan united the Muslim community after Ali was assassinated. Members of the Umayyad family remained caliphs until 750 and this period is called the Umayyad dynasty. Their capital was Damascus in Syria. They also built the great Mosque.
How did Muslims translate the 2nd commandment?
They Byzantine workmen depicted no human figures or living animals. Instead their mosaics showed landscapes in an imagery of paradise.
How was Baghdad the cultural center of the Arab world?
Baghdad was the capital of the Abbasid dynasty, they were advanced in education, math, and geography and learned from Greek, Persian, and Roman discoveries creating an unsurpassed body of knowledge at he time. They made sophistocated instruments to determine which direction to pray, and made a paper making factory, along with other discoveries.
How were merchants viewed is islamic society?
Muhammad and two of has immediate successors were merchants, merchants enjoyed a privileged position in the empire, provided the sold defect-free products and and adhered to a high standard of conduct.
How did Islam spread to north Africa?
The shift of the capital to Baghdad brought a dramatic increase in trade, and eventually spread their influence into Africa and many other places.
Describe the rise and fall of the Abbasid dynasty.
The costs of governing to Abbasid empire often exceeded its revenues. The central government frequently ran short of money because regional governers did not forward taxes they collected to the caliph. Frequent civil wars between caliphate rivals destoryed irrigation workers that underpinned the agrarian economy, and because no one rebuilt them, tax revenues declined. Baghdad ended up being conquered.
What is rihla?
Rihla means “travels” in Arabic, it is a book that describes the trip to Mecca and the most important rituals performed there, which bound Muslims from distant places together.
Where is Muhammad’s tomb located?
Medina.
What was the most powerful empire in Europe after the fall of East Rome?
There were multiple centers that overtook rome and had power.
How did Romans view Germanic tribes?
Residents of the empire looked down on these people because they could not read and write and they worshipped different entities.
How did the Byzantines preserve greek culture?
Nearly everyone spoke the Greek language.
Who was the highest-ranking bishop in Rome?
The pope
Describe the Hagia Sophia, what was its purpose
The Hagia Sophia was an enormous church, it was the church of Wisdom. It was the first church built with a dome.
Describe how the plague affected Europe.
The population shrank, cities shrank, the economy contracted and tax revenues went down. Craftsmen and traders gave up their occupations to become farmers. Governments therefore, ran out of money.
Why did the Byzantine empire decline?
The plague hit, the population and economy declined, urban life ended, and the city ran out of money to pay soldiers
What was he iconoclast controversy?
Iconoclasts were people who were against the worshipping of statues and pictures, and this was a deep controversy between people who were for and against it.
Who were the Franks?
They lived under the Frankish kingdom and had powerful armies that defeated the Byzantine armies. They had war bands and the leader of the war bands were important in their society, and he war band leaders were ruled by monarchs.
Who was Clovis and how was he sinilar to constantine?
The Merovingian army were linked by there loyalty to Clovis. Clovis was the leader of a war band and felt he was entitled to more than his share but got rejected. He was a king and ruled his men and commanded repspect using rewards and brute force to do so.
Whonwas Charlemagne? What group did he lead?
Charlemagne was King of he Franks and he was an important ruler who rapidly expanded their territory.
Who was Ibn Battuta? Why were his trips significant for his time?
Ibn Battuta was a legal scholar who traveled the Islamic world in the early to mid 1300’s. His travels were significant because he spread Islam and his distance was very significant for his time.
Describe the kingdom of Ghana.
The kingdom of Ghana was the first empire in the region of western Sudan. The kingdom contains two cities: preachers and scholars lived in the Islamic one, and the king and his sorcerers lived in the other. Good traded in the cities were taxed and this gave the kingdom revenue to raise military campaigns.
How did sub-saharan Africans become farmers?
They learned how to work iron and steel and they used slash and burn farming.
Describe the kingdom of Mali.
The Mali kingdom occupied much of west Africa. The conducted trade across the Sahara and taxed goods. They also began urbanization in that part of Africa.
Who was Mansa Musa?
Mansa Musa was an extremely wealthy ruler of the Mali kingdom.
What did Ibn Battuta observe about Islamic society in Mali and how was it different than what he believed?
Islamic society was different from what he was used too, this was so because their society was matrilineal, descent was determined by mother, not father.
Why was salt important in Africa?
Salt was important because it is an inportant nutrient, makes long lasting structures, and preserves food.
