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Social Anthropology > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Is public kissing acceptable in Japan?

A

no
-> affection and tenderness should not be publicly displayed

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2
Q

How do Japanese people get teacher to deal with their emotions?

A

to restrain them in public
-> sign of weakness to not be able to control anxiety, fear, joy or sadness

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3
Q

How are facial expressions are important in emotions?

A

we can tell their emotions through them

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4
Q

what kind of purpose do basic emotional expressions serve according to Darwin?

A

an adaptive purpose

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5
Q

What do emotions regulate and serve?

A

they regulate social behavior and serve to protect people from danger

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6
Q

What role do Fear, Anger and Disgust play in our lifes?

A
  • Fear and anger: produce greater acceleration of heart rate than does joy - imply defending yourself or running away from a threat
  • Disgust: prevents us from trying potentially toxic substances such as rotten food or spoiled water
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7
Q

What did researches find in the vocal expression of emotions?

A

a universal pattern

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8
Q

Are micro expressions universal?

A

yes, most people can identify emotions correctly across the whole globe
-> existence of the same facial muscular patterns

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9
Q

What is emotional intonation and how does it differ across cultures?

A

the tone of your expression
-> is similar in different cultures

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10
Q

What are the 5 basic emotions that are present in almost every national classification?

A

Anger, fear, happiness, sadness and disgust

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11
Q

what are additional basic emotions that are present in other cultures?

A

Surupise, contempts, interest, shame, joy, trust, anticipation, guilt

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12
Q

What does it indicate, that the linguistic labels for certain complex emotions are relatively similar across cultures?

A

that there are universal roots of human emotional experiences and their interpretations

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13
Q

What kind of emotions is Individualism positively and negatively correlated with?

A

positively: higher expressivity of emotions, especially happiness and surprise
negatively: expression of sadness
-> cultural individualism is associated with the endorsement of positive emotions

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14
Q

What are negative emotions perceived as in collectivistic cultures?

A

contempt and disgust: perceived as disruptive to social relationships
sadness: signals distress - interpreted as a clear sign of a person’s weakness
disgust: reject certain foods or avoid particular situations related to eating - also associated with perception of food contamination

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15
Q

why may differences in emotion recognition between representatives of two cultures may exist?

A

because some emotional expressions are cultivated in children during the socialization process and some are not.
-> e.g.: public display of emotions is mostly discouraged because it is seen as being disruptive in Japan: may affect Japanese perception of people fro other cultures who do display their emotions without any hesitation

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16
Q

What is how we feel and how we express our feelings based on?

A

personality, experiences and social interactions

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17
Q

how is emotion a multidimensional process? what does it involve?

A
  • emotion is initiated, underlying physiological process for the emotion
  • the emotion is experienced, it is displayed or remains hidden
  • emotion affects our decisions - can cause other emotions
  • emotion fades away
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18
Q

Where can we find significant cross-cultural similarities?

A

in the underlying physiological mechanisms of emotions

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19
Q

What kind of connection did researchers find in the analysis of emotions?

A

found a connection between the simple act of chaining facial expressions and patterns of physiological response

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20
Q

What do different emotions produce?

A

differences in variables:
- acceleration of heart rate
- finger temperature

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21
Q

Which countries show larger increases in blood pressure when expressing negative emotions?

A

asian Americans compared to European Americans
-> may be caused through preceding events

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22
Q

What is the meaning of preceding events?

A

there is always something that causes or initiates an emotion
-> e.g.: a pain in your body, a game, a meeting

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23
Q

Can the same situations be interpreted differently across cultures and lead to different emotions?

A

yes

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24
Q

What can a variety of preceding events produce in most human beings, regardless of their cultural origin or current identity?

A

similar emotional responses
-> also, particular emotions can be elicited by culture-specific events due to the different interpretation of events

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25
Q

what regulates our evaluations of emotions?

A

some cultural norms and rules

26
Q

What do feeling rules refer to?

A

to particular cultural rules about how to feel in particular situations

27
Q

When can an emotion be felt differently?

A

considering the context in which it is displayed or observed

28
Q

When do individuals feel more certain about the meaning of events and give more certain e motional responses?

A

when there are clear norms about how to interpret these events and how to respond to them

29
Q

what are other dimensions along pleasure or displeasure when people try to evaluate their emotional experience?

A
  • familiar or unfamiliar event
  • suggest the existence of an obstacle
  • create a sense of being in charge or being out of control
  • increase or decrease self-esteem
  • cause praise, reproach or mockery by one’s group
30
Q

what are display rules?

A

Every culture has particular sanctions that support display rules of patterns of emotional expression considered appropriate within that culture
-> how to manage emotions and control its manifestation

31
Q

what are two criteria of displaying rules?

A

frequency and intensity
-> e.g.: U.S. parents commonly say “I love you” to their children. Ukraine, Russia or Belarus that expression is strong and intrusive.

32
Q

what has been found to be more prevalent in East Asian than in Western cultures?

A

emotional complexity or the co-occurrence of pleasant and unpleasant emotions simultaneously

33
Q

what does the expression of emotions depend on?

A

on environmental factors and the presence of others

34
Q

What influence does socioeconomic crisis have on the expression of emotions?

A

Low admission level of personal happiness and expression of life’s satisfaction with life in
countries with socioeconomic crisis

35
Q

How can emotions be a challenge?

A

through anxiety and stress

36
Q

What is the definition of stress according to the slides?

A

The realization of a challenge to a person’s capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands

37
Q

what are two important aspects of stress?

A
  1. It is a psychobiological process.
  2. It entails a transaction between people and their environments
38
Q

what are some of the most stressful universal events?

A
  • death of a loved one
  • daily hassles -> absence of food to lack of free time
  • catastrophes and disasters
  • recurrent nightmares
39
Q

what does it depend on how people evaluate stress and stressful situations?

A
  • cultural determination
  • individual personality traits
40
Q

What is self-criticism, pessimism, anxiety and stress evaluation of one’s life viewed as in some ethnic groups?

A

as a cultural norm
-> e.g.: asians constantly score higher than European Americans on measures of emotional distress

41
Q

What is the absence of anxiety considered in the western perspective?

A

desirable characteristic associated with positive mental health and healthy interpersonal functioning

42
Q

What is anger seen as cross-culturally?

A

an emotion aroused by one’s perception of being interfered with or threatened and/or overt or covert activities of attack or offense
-> seen as an interpersonal emotion (involves norm violation committed by other people)

43
Q

What does Anger often lead to and what does the other expression (Song) from the pacific region mean?

A
  • anger often leads to the tendency to return the others persons harm
  • song produces action that aims to alter the behavior of the offending person (aggressive behaviors but may also consist of avoidant behavioral reactions)
44
Q

What is anger seen as in collectivistic cultures?

A

an emotion of disengagement from society
-> a threat to its integrity

45
Q

How many views of happiness are there?

A

8

Materialist view
Progressive view
Situational view
Perception-comparative vies
Expectation view
Biological view
Spiritual view
Humanistic view

46
Q

What does the materialist view of happiness state?

A

it is the accumulation of material wealth, such as money
-> possession of power and high social status
-> the higher the social power, the more power they have

47
Q

What is the Progressive view of Happiness?

A

Social care is the main trigger for happiness
-> no external factors contributing to suffering when every individual is guaranteed basic social services

48
Q

What is happiness about?

A

not necessarily about material possession or social services, rather cumulative life situation
-> presence or absence of major tragedies
-> quality of one’s relationships
-> access to opportunities

49
Q

What can we conclude about happiness?

A

it is a state of mind based on appraisals and comparisons

50
Q

What does the expectation view of happiness refer?

A

refers to the goals that the individual had in the past and the degree to which a person has accomplished these goals
-> critic: expectations change, when life is getting better - expectations tend to increase - increasing dissatisfaction as well
! The better the outcomes we expect, the less happy we become if these expectations are not met

51
Q

What does the biological view of Happiness suggest?

A

that wether people are happy or less happy primarily depends on their genetic and biological makeup
-> some people are predisposed to have more of pleasant sensations in the brain and body

52
Q

What does evolutionary psychology maintain?

A

that happiness is a temporary state that organisms try to achieve

53
Q

What does the spiritual view of happiness underline?

A

the importance of inner factors
-> emphasizes the search for the higher power within the individual
-> pleasant sensations coming from the body come and go

54
Q

Where does the focus (the path to happiness) lay on in the spiritual view of happiness?

A

the path to happiness lies in circumscribing the influence of the external world of sensation and cultivating inner wisdom and the introspective mind

55
Q

What do psychologists working within the humanistic perspective embrace?

A

other views on happiness
-> they suggest their own version of how people become and remain happy
-> joy, a passing emotion is not necessarily the same as the state of happiness

56
Q

how does the humanistic view state define happiness?

A

happiness is a state of mind that individuals can control
-> can be learned and achieved

57
Q

What does the humanistic view on happiness encourages?

A

interpersonal actions (asking for help), critical thinking, and engagement in social affairs
-> positive feedback
-> self-growth

58
Q

What does cross-cultural psychology research support?

A

ancient philosophies that happiness is often based on our own ability to stay positive
-> e.g.: choosing the wrong goals in life

59
Q

Does happiness last long?

A

no, it is unlikely to

60
Q

What is happiness also a factor of?

A

longevity and health
-> people who believed in getting healthier tend to achieve more positive results

Social Anthropology (6 decks)

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