Unit 3 Flashcards
Anthropology and Psychology: human development
What is Socialization and who are the agents of socialization?
Process by which an individual becomes a member of a particular culture and takes on its values and behaviors.
-> Agents of socialization: family, peers, education, and media.
What is the difference between Socialization and Enculturation?
- Socialization → skills, and knowledge. Social roles and norms within society
- Enculturation → Cultural knowledge and identity. the process through which individuals learn and adopt the specific culture of the society they are born into
What is Human development?
Changes in physical, psychological, and social behavior that are experienced by individuals across the life span – from conception to death
What does Society/Culture teaches us?
what are desirable and undesirable behaviors, prepares individuals to successfully functioning, and guarantee that traditions will be passed to future generations
What is the ecological model and who invented it?
Bronfenbrenner
multiple influences that shape human development in the social environment
How many categories does the Ecological model have and what is the connection between them?
Human development occurs in a context composed of 5 categories (Micro, Meso, Exo, Macro and Chronosystem)
-> they are interconnected
What do we have to do in the Ecological model in order to compare development across culture?
consider the experiences within these influences
What does Super & Harkness Developmental niche state?
there are 3 interrelated components influencing socialization
- culture and customs
- psychology of caretakers
physical and social settings
What does the Quality of life influence? How do countries vary in it?
affects individuals development
-> countries differ in: technology, socioeconomics, immigration, wealth etc..
How do collectivistic and individual countries vary in relation to families?
In collectivists countries extended family were emotionally and geographically closer than wealthy individualist countries
How does the quality of life affect education/resources and socioeconomics/poverty?
- Educational and resources:
Middle-class parents answer children’s questions with more elaborate explanations than lower social class. - Socioeconomic / Poverty:
affect children’s health, social, emotional and cognitive development, behavior and educational outcomes
What does development and socialization also depend on?
the people with whom the child interacts, places where they spend time and roles children play and are assigned to
What are the differences in parental values and expectations?
Parents have own developmental timetables
-> expectation that children acquire particular characteristics
-> cultural pattern (mothers of European background - cognitive skills earlier than non European mothers)
What did Erik Erikson theorize?
the psychosocial development theory
-> every person during his or her lifespan goes through 8 developmental stages
-> each stage characterized by a developmental conflict (if successfully resolved: greater adaptation and healthier personality)
What are some examples of Erik Erikson’s developmental and personality theories?
- he assumed people have choices but in some cultures, identities and lifestyles are prescribed at birth
-> traditional caste systems like for example in India
-> children born into specific social groups (indicates social status)
-> These roles and expectations are prescribed at birth and are difficult to change.
What do we have to do when applying Erik Erikson’s developmental and personality theories to specific cultural conditions?
analyze how culture views each life crisis and what is generally expected of an individual to perform, believe in, or reject to solve the crisis
What did Jean Piaget state about cognitive development and how many stages are there?
development of process of thinking about themselves and the world around
- 4 stages (according to Dasen, they are universal)
What is Piagets idea of animism?
toys have souls (in preoperational stage 2-7)
-> does not develop in the same way or at the same age in every year
What are critics of Piagets theory?
Critics: He valued some stages more tan others (i.e., formal operations).In western and non-western, many healthy adolescents fail in formal
operational tasks
What are the Stages of Moral Development and who developed it?
Lawrence Kohlberg
- development of moral judgments
-> contains 3 levels, 6 stages (first 4 stages appear to be universal)
What are the 3 levels of Lawrence Kohlberg’s Moral Development Stages?
- Preconventional Level (seen in children): individuals base moral decisions on personal consequences and self-interest
- Conventional Level (seen in adolescents and adults): moral reasoning is shaped by social rules, norms and expectations
- Postconventional Level (seen in some adults): individuals recognize that rules and laws may not always align with universal moral principle
What is a critique for the Stages of Moral Development?
stages are closely linked to values of Western liberalism and individualism based on moral choice
What are the different Developmental stages?
- Prenatal period and childbirth
- Infancy
- Childhood
- Adolescence
- Adulthood
- Old age
Is pregnancy universal? How does it differ between cultures?
yes, but practices around birth are culturally particular
-> cultural influences:
- socialization during pregnancy
- health care
- nutrition
- expectations