unit 5 Flashcards
3 related facets to emotions
- physiological response
- overt behaviors (smiling, baring teeth, etc)
- conscious feelings (actual subjective feeling of the emotion)
physiological components of emotion are mediated primarily by ______
ANS – innervates involuntary muscles of internals organs + hormonal system
6 basic emotions are innate to humans
recognizable emotions
- happiness, surprise, dear, sadness, anger, disgust
ekman
- physiological + overt responses
- conscious emotional feeling
see bear –> body responses (HR going up) –> feel afraid
James-Lange
- see bear –> body response (HR UP)
- see bear –> feel afraid
*INDEPENDENT + SIMULTANEOUS
cannon-bard
Arousal → Appraisal → Emotion
(bodily arousal + CONTEXT ARE INTERPRETED)
- see bear –> body responses
- see bear –> appraise situation/context
—> feel afraid (or don’t if at zoo)
2-factor theory
Very emotional events can lead to particularly vivid episodic memories
- emotion can greatly increase memory
encoding
- decay over time
flashbulb memories
Emotion can also influence retrieval: ____ _____ increases recall
mood congruence
_____ ______ is the most popular paradigm for studying conditioned emotional responses (CER)
conditioned fear
A neutral stimulus (CS, usually a tone) is paired with a painful stimulus
(US, usually a foot shock).
* The CS comes to evoke a fear response (CR), including freezing and
elevated blood pressure.
* Learned quickly, hard to extinguish, occurs over much of the animal
kingdom.
if R → take away ongoing noxious C
* e.g., press lever to terminate ongoing foot shock
* e.g., swim to platform to terminate being in cold water
* Also learned quickly and hard to extinguish
neg reinforcement
the response can be made before the onset of the noxious stimulation, avoiding its application altogether.
conditioned escape
If R, remove noxious C; this schedule increases Rs Discriminative stimulus
conditioned escape
two compartments separated by a barrier, electric floors
Light turns out in one compartment
Floor is electrified
Animal can jump over barrier to eliminate shock
When lights out: If jump, shock ends
shuttle box
: Inescapable adverse events impair later escape and avoidance learning
learned helplessness
*Animal exposed to several unavoidable shocks
*Then given chance to perform escape/avoidance learning
*Very low rate of avoidance — animal gives up and stops trying to escape
Learned helplessness can carry over to many tasks, impairing learning, decreasing effort, and dampening mood
Generalization
Early success at controlling adverse stimuli diminishes the negative impact of inescapable aversive experiences
inoculation
S → R → avoid C altogether. For
example, light signals impending shock, which can be
avoided by responding (e.g., lever press).
* Once acquired, animals can avoid C very effectively, leading to
theoretical puzzle of how the avoidance response is continuing to be
reinforced
avoidance learning
Papez (1937) sees that lesions cause emotional impairment; posits that the ______, ______, ______, and _______ _______ have a role in emotion
hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and cingulate cortex
Group of emotional brain structures
Emotions activate many brain
regions, including the amygdala
and the frontal cortex
limbic system
Despite this complexity, the
_______ stands out as a
structure involved in many
types of emotional
processing
amygdala
- A collection of subcortical nuclei in
the anterior temporal lobe - Collection of many different nuclei,
only some of which are shown
here
amygdala
collects emotionally
relevant information from cortex and
thalamus
lateral nucleus
coordinates
expression of behavioral and
physiological emotional responses
central nucleus
modulates brain centers related to memory and
learning
basolateral nucleus