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Learning and Memory > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

3 related facets to emotions

A
  1. physiological response
  2. overt behaviors (smiling, baring teeth, etc)
  3. conscious feelings (actual subjective feeling of the emotion)
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2
Q

physiological components of emotion are mediated primarily by ______

A

ANS – innervates involuntary muscles of internals organs + hormonal system

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3
Q

6 basic emotions are innate to humans

recognizable emotions

  • happiness, surprise, dear, sadness, anger, disgust
A

ekman

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4
Q
  1. physiological + overt responses
  2. conscious emotional feeling

see bear –> body responses (HR going up) –> feel afraid

A

James-Lange

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5
Q
  • see bear –> body response (HR UP)
  • see bear –> feel afraid

*INDEPENDENT + SIMULTANEOUS

A

cannon-bard

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6
Q

Arousal → Appraisal → Emotion
(bodily arousal + CONTEXT ARE INTERPRETED)

  • see bear –> body responses
  • see bear –> appraise situation/context

—> feel afraid (or don’t if at zoo)

A

2-factor theory

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7
Q

Very emotional events can lead to particularly vivid episodic memories
- emotion can greatly increase memory
encoding

  • decay over time
A

flashbulb memories

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8
Q

Emotion can also influence retrieval: ____ _____ increases recall

A

mood congruence

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9
Q

_____ ______ is the most popular paradigm for studying conditioned emotional responses (CER)

A

conditioned fear

A neutral stimulus (CS, usually a tone) is paired with a painful stimulus
(US, usually a foot shock).
* The CS comes to evoke a fear response (CR), including freezing and
elevated blood pressure.
* Learned quickly, hard to extinguish, occurs over much of the animal
kingdom.

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10
Q

if R → take away ongoing noxious C
* e.g., press lever to terminate ongoing foot shock
* e.g., swim to platform to terminate being in cold water
* Also learned quickly and hard to extinguish

A

neg reinforcement

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11
Q

the response can be made before the onset of the noxious stimulation, avoiding its application altogether.

A

conditioned escape

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12
Q

If R, remove noxious C; this schedule increases Rs Discriminative stimulus

A

conditioned escape

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13
Q

two compartments separated by a barrier, electric floors
Light turns out in one compartment
Floor is electrified
Animal can jump over barrier to eliminate shock
When lights out: If jump, shock ends

A

shuttle box

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14
Q

: Inescapable adverse events impair later escape and avoidance learning

A

learned helplessness

*Animal exposed to several unavoidable shocks
*Then given chance to perform escape/avoidance learning
*Very low rate of avoidance — animal gives up and stops trying to escape

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15
Q

Learned helplessness can carry over to many tasks, impairing learning, decreasing effort, and dampening mood

A

Generalization

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16
Q

Early success at controlling adverse stimuli diminishes the negative impact of inescapable aversive experiences

A

inoculation

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17
Q

S → R → avoid C altogether. For
example, light signals impending shock, which can be
avoided by responding (e.g., lever press).
* Once acquired, animals can avoid C very effectively, leading to
theoretical puzzle of how the avoidance response is continuing to be
reinforced

A

avoidance learning

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18
Q

Papez (1937) sees that lesions cause emotional impairment; posits that the ______, ______, ______, and _______ _______ have a role in emotion

A

hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and cingulate cortex

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19
Q

Group of emotional brain structures

Emotions activate many brain
regions, including the amygdala
and the frontal cortex

A

limbic system

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20
Q

Despite this complexity, the
_______ stands out as a
structure involved in many
types of emotional
processing

A

amygdala

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21
Q
  • A collection of subcortical nuclei in
    the anterior temporal lobe
  • Collection of many different nuclei,
    only some of which are shown
    here
A

amygdala

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22
Q

collects emotionally
relevant information from cortex and
thalamus

A

lateral nucleus

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23
Q

coordinates
expression of behavioral and
physiological emotional responses

A

central nucleus

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24
Q

modulates brain centers related to memory and
learning

A

basolateral nucleus

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25
Q

CS comes to
evoke a strong SCR, due to
emotional arousal

A

healthy controls

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26
Q

the US is effective, but
the association with the CS is
never learned

A

patients with bilateral amygdala damage

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27
Q

_____ ____ of the amygdala organizes the expression of
emotional responses

A

central nucleus

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28
Q

The central nucleus of the amygdala organizes the expression of emotional responses:

  • Stimulation can cause species-typical defensive responses (e.g., in
    rabbits: freezing and lowered heart rate).
  • Stimulation in humans can cause positive or negative emotions,
    and can also cause outbursts of rage (Delgado, 1971).
  • Disruption leads to impairments of emotional learning in humans
    and other animals…
A

central nucleus

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29
Q

in controls and hippocampal patients (HL), CS comes to evoke a strong
skin conductance response (SCR), due to emotional arousal.
* In patients with bilateral amygdala damage (AL), the US is effective,
but the association with the CS is never learned and CR is never
expressed (left).

A

The central amygdala is required for fear conditioning

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30
Q

provides inputs, and thus may play a particularly important role in emotional learning about stimuli

A

lateral amygdala

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31
Q

collects inputs and seems to encode
emotional relevance of stimuli

A

lateral amygdala

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32
Q
  • Fast and rough input direct from the thalamus (the “low
    road”): gets to amygdala quickly, but minimal processing
    doesn’t allow for fine distinctions between stimuli.
  • Slow but accurate input indirect from the cortex (the “high
    road”): gets to amygdala more slowly, but inputs are more
    accurate.
  • Emotional learning refines neural responses in the lateral
    amygdala…
A

lateral amygdala

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33
Q

Fast and rough input ____ from the thalamus (the “low road”): gets to amygdala quickly, but minimal processing doesn’t allow for fine distinctions between stimuli

A

direct

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34
Q

Slow but accurate input _____ from the cortex (the “high
road”): gets to amygdala more slowly, but inputs are more
accurate

A

indirect

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35
Q
  • Animals pre-tested on two neutral odors (baseline)
  • One odor (CS+ almond odor) then paired with foot shock (US)
  • Activity of neurons in the lateral nucleus recorded before
    and after training
  • Selective increase or decrease ??? in activity to trained odor CS+, suggesting
    encoding of emotional relevance of the stimuli
A

increase

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36
Q

The ____ _____ may modulate memory to
increase storage of emotional memories.
* Imaging studies show that emotional events activate the amygdala.
* Degree of amygdala activation predicts memory boost for emotional
material

A

basolateral amygdala (BLA)

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37
Q

Inputs from hormonal system via the brainstem
* Outputs to the hippocampus

A

how BLA modulates memory to increase storage of emotional memories

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38
Q

Emotional stimuli cause the release of _____ hormones,
including _____

A

stress; epi

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39
Q

This is monitored in the BLA,
through a relay in the brainstem
that releases ______.
Strong activation of this pathway
predicts better encoding

A

norepinephrine

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40
Q

Enhancing ______ boosts emotional memory

A

epi

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41
Q

Similarly, blocking _____ decreases the boost in recall for
emotional stories

A

epi

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42
Q

In contextual fear conditioning, animals learn not only the
pairing between CS and US (e.g., Tone and Shock) but also
the _____ in which the relationship was experienced

A

context

43
Q

After training, simple re-exposure to the context (CS training
chamber) also evokes ____ fear responses (far left, Controls)

A

CR

44
Q

Although hippocampal lesions (HL) have no effect on fear
conditioning of the CS-US relationship (middle panels, HL), it abolishes ______ learning: contextual CS of training apparatus no longer provokes fear responses (far left, HL)

A

contextual

45
Q

______ lobe damage can impair the ability to recognize facial
expressions of mood

A

frontal

46
Q

fMRI studies show enhanced activation of the ____ ___ (in addition
to the amygdala) while viewing emotional faces.

A

medial PFC

47
Q

Frontal lobe damage can cause changes in
emotional regulation, with some patients exhibiting flattened
affect and others experiencing heightened and inappropriate
emotionality (e.g., Phineas Gage).

A

mood regulation

48
Q

Frontal lobe damage can impair extinction of
fear responses, leading to perseveration of the response.

A

fear learning

49
Q

The ___ is essential for learning about the context of
fear memory.

A

hippocampus

50
Q

The _____ lobes play a role in mood regulation, the perception of
social expression of emotion, and extinction of conditioned fear.

A

frontal

51
Q

_____ stress leads to moderate arousal and can improve memory
* Moderate levels of stress hormones can facilitate LTP and dendritic growth
* High concentration of glucocorticoid receptors in hippocampus

A

mild

52
Q

Chronic ____ stress and arousal can impair encoding and recall
* High levels of stress hormones may overexcite hippocampus and even
lead to excitotoxicity

A

high

53
Q

an overwhelming, irrational fear of an object,
place, or situation.
* e.g., ophidiophobia (fear of snakes), agoraphobia (fear of open
spaces).

A

phobia

54
Q

therapy for phobias; present
successive approximations of CS while patient stays relaxed.
* Eventually CS no longer elicits CR reaction (i.e., extinction).

A

systematic desensitization

55
Q
  • Phobic person learns to relax on cue (progressive relaxation).
  • Present anxiety hierarchy — contact with least fearful to most fearful
    phobic object or event.
  • Apply hierarchy sequentially while the phobic person remains relaxed;
    apply each step gradually.
A

Procedure can be slow but is generally successful and long-
lasting for systematic desensitization

56
Q

Obsessive thoughts,
nightmares, or flashbacks
persist long after exposure to
the traumatic event.

A

PTSD

57
Q

____ hormone levels may remain high and persistent, so fear
response lasts longer and further strengthens the memory in PTSD

A

stress

58
Q

drug treatment for PTSD

A

Drugs like propranolol interfere with epinephrine, reducing stress
reaction.
* With propranolol administration, the patient may be less likely to
develop PTSD.

59
Q
  • Expose patient to anxiety-triggering cues
  • But in the absence of danger
A

extinction therapy

60
Q

MRI studies
indicate that
individuals with
PTSD – and
their unexposed
twins – typically
have ____
hippocampal
volumes.
* Risk factor for
those later
exposed to
traumatic event

A

smaller

61
Q

Extreme stress can disrupt the ______, resulting in an
incomplete memory
* Such memories may be vulnerable to distortion
* Lab research suggests memories recovered during guided imagery or
hypnosis can be distorted

A

hippocampus

62
Q

______ systems development parallels development of
their underlying brain substrates

A

memory

63
Q

By____weeks, auditory habituation:
* A speaker is placed on the mother’s abdomen.
* Sounds initially cause fetal movement.
* Repeated sounds decrease responses

A

34-36

64
Q

Immediately after birth, human infants demonstrate incredible
______ abilities:
* Language
* Motor control
* Social skills

Some limitations are evident due to immature sensory and
motor systems

A

learning

65
Q

kick leg → move mobile

A

Infant operant conditioning

66
Q

Eye-blink conditioning ____ in infants than adults

A

slower

67
Q

____ ____(gap between CS and US) not possible until age 4,
and even then, still a bit slower than adults

A

Trace conditioning

68
Q

Infants have ____ memory, which develops
further over time

A

semantic

69
Q

The development of _____ memory is less clear

A

episodic

70
Q

______ memory seems to develop more slowly.
* Children hid stuffed toys around their homes and were later tested for
the what, where, and when of these events.
* 3-year-olds were worse than 4-year-olds at episodic memory retrieval

A

episodic

71
Q
  • Slow hippocampus development; needed to support episodic memory
    formation?
  • Developing sense of self? Infants don’t pass the “red mark” test until
    about 24 months.
  • Performance issue? Infants may have episodic memories, but it’s hard
    for them to express these memories.
  • The correct explanation is still unclear.
A

Possible causes of infantile amnesia

72
Q

_____ memory seems to develop even more slowly

A

source

  • Young children had poor source memory and could rarely recall having
    learned the pair within the experiment.
73
Q

forming a close bond
with first individual seen after birth.
* Common in birds, but also occurs in other
species.
* Bond forms best immediately after birth;
after this critical period, harder to form.

A

Imprinting

74
Q

Some learning abilities are only available early in life

A

sensitive period or critical period

75
Q

impaired visual input early in development leads
to permanent disruption of visual system.

A

visual development

Male sparrows raised in isolation don’t develop normal songs, unless
played tape recordings during the exact right developmental time frame
(30-100 days after birth)

76
Q

Skill at ____ ____for sound distinctions not
used in exposed languages is lost during early development.

A

phonetic discriminations

77
Q

ome evidence suggests language must be learned before
~_____ years of age to be fully mastered.

A

12

78
Q

the transitional stage between the onset of
puberty and full adulthood

A

adolescence

79
Q

Strong development of _____ memory and central
executive function during adolescence.
* ____ ____ increases through early teens.
* ______ function develops throughout early adulthood

A

working; digit span; executive

80
Q

______ perform slightly better (on average) on verbal memory and on
spatial learning of landmark locations

A

women

81
Q

______ perform slightly better (on average) on spatial learning of routes

A

men

82
Q

_____ abilities can remain stable for many years

A

adult

83
Q

overall pattern in _____ age is decline
in most basic learning, memory, and cognitive skills

A

old

84
Q

____ memory is one of the first to show age-related
decline

A

working

Proactive interference? Older adults have learned much more and may
be less able to prevent this from interfering with the contents of working
memory

85
Q

______ conditioning starts declining at 40-50 years and can take
twice as long in older adults relative to young adults

A

eye blink

86
Q

____ learning declines rapidly after 60 years (e.g., rotary pursuit).

A

skill

87
Q

______ to encode episodic and semantic
memories (i.e., encoding) does decline with age

  • Older adults show poor paired associate learning
A

ability

88
Q

richer pool of experience can often help _______ for
diminished skills and enable performance of complex skills at the same
or better level than in young adults!

A

compensate

89
Q

Overall performance is only preserved in skills that are practiced
throughout aging t/f

A

t

90
Q

During _____, strong development of working memory and
executive function, and the appearance of small gender
differences.

A

adolescence

91
Q

through ______, period of stability but overall decline in most
basic memory and cognitive skills, especially working memory.
* Storage & retrieval of declarative memories is strong throughout healthy
aging, but formation of new declarative and skill memories declines

A

adulthood

92
Q

______ memory seems intact (but developing) from an early age, but
______ memory may take more time to fully develop

A

semantic; episodic

93
Q

a form of progressive cognitive
decline from accumulating brain deterioration

A

AD

94
Q

Earliest symptoms are _____ memory failures, such as forgetting
recent visitors

of AD

A

episodic

95
Q
  • Earliest symptoms are episodic memory failures, such as forgetting
    recent visitors.
  • Later, there are declines in semantic memory (e.g., forgetting familiar
    names, locations).
  • Much later, conditioning and skill memory deteriorate.
  • In late-stage AD, there is often a lack of awareness and activities of
    daily living (ADL) skills.
A

Progression of memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease

96
Q

deposits of beta-amyloid (abnormal byproduct
of amyloid precursor protein, or APP; kills adjacent neurons)

A

Amyloid plaques

97
Q

collapsed tau protein, which normally
functions as scaffolding within neurons

A

Neurofibrillary tangles

98
Q

Hippocampal shrinkage = early ____ warning sign

A

AD

99
Q

Early in AD, accumulate in hippocampus and MTL, relating to _____
memory deficits (episodic and semantic)

A

declarative

100
Q

Verification of presence of plaques and tangles (to confirm AD
diagnosis) can only happen at ____.
* 10% to 20% of “probable AD” diagnoses (based on MRI, PET, lumbar
puncture, etc.) are incorrect.
* Many other conditions (some treatable) mimic AD (e.g., vitamin B
deficiency, hypothyroidism, depression)
* So better diagnostic tests needed (e.g., PiB imaging on next slide)

A

autopsy

101
Q

____-onset Alzheimer’s disease (onset < 60 years; rare =
less than 1% of cases) has significant genetic component
* Autosomal dominant mutations found in genes coding for proteins
involved in amyloid processing are linked to early-onset AD
* Amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin (PS1, PS2) mutations

A

early

102
Q

Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (onset > 60 years; 99% of
cases) is more influenced by ______ factors
* But also linked to ApoE4 mutation of gene for apolipoprotein E

A

environmental

103
Q

Prevention: remain active cognitively, socially, physically
* Promotes neuronal survival and hippocampal neurogenesis
* Slows cognitive aging in both healthy and disease states

Methods to decrease β-amyloid accumulation
* Aβ1-42 vaccine
* Antioxidants
* Prevention: remain active cognitively, socially, physically
* Promotes neuronal survival and hippocampal neurogenesis
* Slows cognitive aging in both healthy and disease states
251 Unit 10.3B fa24
Leqembi (new AD drug)

A

AD prevention

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