Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
potential changes in behavior –> experience
A
learning
2
Q
record of our past experience
A
memory
3
Q
previous experience causes enduring changes n the brain –> influence future behavior
A
learning + mem
4
Q
synaptic change representing the memory
A
memory trace or engram
5
Q
knowledge – facts
A
semantic
6
Q
record of a past experience
A
episodic memory
7
Q
doing something well
A
procedural/skill memory
8
Q
humans shaped by INHERITED TRAITS
–all ideas + skills are inborn
A
nativists (Plato)
9
Q
humans shaped by EXPERIENCE
-all ideas and skills are aquired through experience
A
empiricist (locke)
10
Q
innate differences in skill and talent
A
plato
11
Q
most of our knowledge is innate
A
Descartes
12
Q
memories are formed form connections btw ideas
A
associationists (Aristotle, James)
13
Q
we have a material body controlled by a nonmaterial soul/mind
A
dualists (descarte)
14
Q
training + experience
A
Aristotle
15
Q
born as blank slates, all habits and skills due to experience
A
John locke
16
Q
immaterial soul + mechanical body
A
Descartes’ dualism
17
Q
ability to think and freely make decisions
A
immaterial soul
18
Q
scientific, mechanistic investigation of human behavior
A
mechanical aspect
19
Q
what are the rules of association
A
- contiguity : experiences bear each other in time/space
- frequency: experiences often repeated
- similarity : experiences are similar to one another
20
Q
what are the rules of association
A
- contiguity
- frequency – experiences often repeat
- similarity – experiences similar to one another
21
Q
what did Willam James propose
A
experience links ideas
– remembering one idea would spread along link, retrieving a complex episode
ex. red apple on table makes u think of the color red, which u then associate a rose with
22
Q
William James proposed what
A
experience links ideas
idea would spread along links
23
Q
-used himself as self subject
-studied nonsense words
-reduction in time to learn list 2nd time
A
Ebbinghaus
24
Q
rapid initial forgetting
-showed effects of time, practice, + spacing
A
exponential forgetting curve
25
new rules for making associations
-pairing doorbell with food forged a new connection
*CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Pavlov
26
repeated pairing increase the strength of association
*learning curve
frequency
27
extinguished association when bell is presented alone, ended ____
contiguity
28
salivation response will GENERALIZE to stimuli similar to doorbell, though the less similar, less effective
similarity
29
placed cats in a "puzzle box" -- small chamber they disliked with a pulley that let them escape
-learning through trial and error
-law of effect
thorndike
30
behaviors with desirable effects are repeated and undesirable effects are not
*similar to natural selection of behavior
law of effect
31
*OBSERVERABLE
-shaped by experience + can be controlled
-humans same as animals
-mental processes cannot be studied scientifically cause it is not observable
behaviorism
32
scientists involved in physical sciences
-watson
-Hull
-BF skinner
33
learning = stim + past experience + reinforcement
-drive reduction theory
Clark Hull
To remember Clark Hull's theories, think of a "Hull" of a "ship" in a storm that seeks to maintain balance. Hull's theories, especially his Drive Reduction Theory, emphasize how behavior is driven by the need to reduce internal tension caused by unmet physiological needs. Just like a ship (hull) that seeks to stabilize in a storm (drive/tension), our behavior aims to find balance by fulfilling our needs
34
failed to explain underlying mental states + processes
behaviorism
35
internal mental states, mental representations, information processing, etc
**PROCESSOR FILTERS CATEGORIZES, COMPARES, + PLANS**
cognitive approach
36
mental processes studied objectively
focus on mental processing
37
likens the mind to a computer
computer metaphor
38
humans -- specialization in communication, reasoning, and planning
nuanced evolutionary perspective
39
model of processing performed by the mind
modeling/simulation
40
intrinsically curious + self motivated
intrinsic motivation
41
re-introduced mental processes in a more systemic, scientific, and quantitative way
cognitive approach
42
measure of STM
capacity of ~7 items
-objective measurement mind as a computer
George miller
43
"learning curve"
-dramatic switches from poor to good performance
-group data masked MENTAL INSIGHT
-need to go beyond stim -- response + think about mental processes
Gordon Bower
hink of "Gordon Bower" as "Building (Bower) vivid images to hold memories in place." Picture a tower (Bower) where each floor has vivid images connecting words, symbolizing how Bower's work showed that strong imagery improves memory recall.
44
-strict behaviorist
**CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSE --> learned fear
-math to describe mental events
W.K estes
"W.K. Estes is a Wizard of Knowledge who Explains Studies."
W.K. Estes: Wizard of Knowledge
Explains Studies: Focus on his role in developing theories and mathematical models related to learning and memory
45
-network of cnxs "nodes"
-distributed representations of activation across many nodes
**integrate neuroscience with psych
David Rumelhart + connectionist model
46
-biological mechanisms
-neural manipulations + neural measles (neuroimaging)
biological processes and changes in brain , mental representations, + behavioral consequences
behavioral/cognitive neuro approach
47
cognitive map (rat) + association
-latent learning
**stimulus + response is too narrow**
Tolman
48
mathematical models
Estes
49
insight
bower
50
7 +/- 2
miller
51
connectionism
rumelhart
52
latent learning
tolman
53
forgetting
ebbinghaus
54
classical conditioning
Pavlov
55
____ sensory neurons collect info
PNS
56
1. collect info
2. process info
3. generate behavior
NS functions
57
basic physiological functions
brainstem
58
aka little brain
- motor control + coordination + some forms of learning
cerebellum
59
aka bark
-outer surface of cerebrum
-heavily folded
-most voluntary behavior
cerebral behaviors
60
planning; performing complex actions
frontal lobe
61
touch, feeling, + space
parietal
62
vision
occipital
63
hearing + remembering
temporal
64
processes + relays sensory info
thalamus
65
skilled movements
basal ganglia
66
learning new facts + forming new event memories
hippocampus
67
emotional memories
amygdala
68
tracts of neural wiring
subcortical white matter
69
connects cortex of 2 hemisphere
corpus callosum
70
temporal lobe primary sensory cortices
A1 (auditory)
71
occipital lobe primary sensory cortices
V1 (visual)
72
parietal lobe primary sensory cortices
S1 (sensorimotor, touch)
73
frontal lobe primary sensory cortices
olfaction
74
primary motor cortex primary sensory cortices
M1, frontal lobe --> produces voluntary movements
75
directly measure or stimulate individual neurons
implanted wire electrodes
76
measurement of brain activity + electrical signals at the scalp
EEG/ERPs
77
measurement of brain activity -- tracks changes in blood flow
FMRI, PET
78
alter brain function in neural communication
drugs
79
non invasive experimental stimulation or inhibition
tDCS and TMS
80
**where** in the Brain area different types pop memories stored
**engram hunt**
systems problem of memory
81
**how** is info stored in the brain
information storage + synaptic change
molecular problem of memory
82
-spatial working memory
-perceptual motor skill learning
-episodic memory
neuropsychological tests
83
- neural responses or changes in neural activity
- during and/or after learning/memory tasks
neuromonitioring experiments
84
- effects of brain stimulation /inhibition (TMS)
- performance in learning /memory tasks
Brain perturbation
85
- differences in structural/functional brain measures
- differences in learning/memory related experiences
correlational approaches
86
fire together, wire together
- new synaptic contacts
LTP
87
out of sync, lose link
- retraction/dismantling synaptic contacts
LTD
88
- magnetic pulses to non-invasively facilitate or disrupt processing in the underlying cortical region
**measures effect of TMS on behavior**
transcranial magnetic simulation (TMS)
89
- electrical current directly to scalp
- cortical excitability
- measures effect of ____ on behavior
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
90
measures **changes** in bloodflow
subtraction technique
91
injects a radioactive tracer
PET
92
detects changes in brain activity
- timing + sequence (good temporal resolution)
- time-locked to discrete events or stimuli
-- characteristic shapes and latency
ERPs
