exam 2 Flashcards
- perceptual learning
- declarative memory
- skill learning
- working memory
cerebral cortex
- fear conditioning
- emotional modulation of memory
amygdala
- reinforcement learning
- skill learning
basal ganglia
- spatial learning
- contextual conditioning
- declarative memory
- emotional modulation of memory
hippocampus
- classical conditioning
- skill learning
cerebellum
- severe epilepsy
- both medial temporal lobes removed
- *hippocampus, EC, PH, + amygdala removed
- most intact LTM system for retrieval of stored memories
- did mirror tracing task
H.M
____ case showed that memory was a collection of brain systems
H.M
____ memory dependent on medial temporal lobe
declarative
_____-dependent on other lobes not dependent on MTL
nondeclarative memory
- specific events
- spatiotemporal context
episodic
- facts and general knowledge
semantic
_____ builds upon _____
episodic; semantic
______ is extracted from _____
semantic; episodic
more freq semantic memories are shown the (stronger/weaker) the memory
stronger
more freq episodic memories are shown the (stronger/weaker) the memory
weaker
radiant arm maze indicate ____ memory
semantic
argued that conscious sense of self over time – allowing mental time travel is required by episodic memories and animals lack that
Tulving
- disproved by gorillas showing that they can use signs to communicate about specific life events
initial storage or “writing” into memory
- mere exposure is not enough
encoding
_____ knowledge DRAMATICALLY enhances encoding
background
what did Ebbinghaus’ experiment show us
- expoentital forgetting curve
- large Amt forgotten early, almost nothin later
- initial storage is fragile but becomes stronger
strengthening the stability of stored info
consolidation
brain injury + disruption affects ____ memories much more
- suggests that the injury or disruption has halted/interrupted consolidation process
recent
____ is critical for memory consolidation
- reactivation of memories possible mechanism (neural replay)
sleep
retrieval: more ____ = better recall
cues
_____ works best if recall condition match learning conditions (transfer-appropriate processing) and if more cues are available
retrieval
source is not remembered at all
source amnesia
associated with an incorrect source
memory/source misattribution
remembering someone else’s ideas as one’s own
Cryptomnesia
rapidly forgetting at first and then more slowly
simple forgetting
previous knowledge interferes
proactive inference
new knowledge wipes out previous knowledge
retroactive interference
losing the connection btw memory and source
source monitoring errors/misattribution
incorrectly “remembering” false information; mems are highly malleable
false memory
declarative memories are stored where
cerebral cortex in a DISTRIBUTED fashion
____ found cortical stimulation ==> simple sensations and complex memories
penfield
first cortical processing center
sensory cortex
links across senses
association cortex
cortical lesions –> _____
agnosia (semantic memory impairment)
cant understand spoken words, though other sounds are recognized, and reading.writing is intact
auditory agnosia for speech
cant recognize objects by feel
tactile agnosia
recordings from human cortex show neurons tuned to specific ____ ____
semantic categories
what NTs are from the brainstem to cortex systems
ACH, 5HT, NE
- semantic dementia w/ progressive degeneration of left anterior temporal lobe
- severely I,praired in semantic memory tasks such as pyramid & palm trees test
patient A.M
stories across many specialized processing centers in the cortex
semantic memories
semantic hub linking sensory and category specific cortical areas
anterior temporal lobe
encoding depends on what brain region
medial temporal lobe
what makes up the medial temporal lobe
hippocampus + surrounding cortex (entrohinal, perirhinal, parahippocampal cortices)
lesions of MTL produce ______ ___
anterograde amnesia
______ activity during learning predicts subsequent ability to remember
hippocampal
- bilateral damage to MTL
- cannot draw figure form mem after moderate delay –> failure to encode/store a LTM trace of a figure
- animals with MTL show an inability to store new declarative memories
patient E.P
nonhumans animals with hippocampal/MTL experience _____ amnesia
anterograde amnesia —> unable to store new declarative memories
impairment on the delayed non-matching to sample task (w/ LONG DELAYS) is caused by
medial temporal love damage
rats with ____ lesions made many errors during the radial arm maze
hippocampal
chef for buried food catches random during the radial arm maze
lesioned scrub jays
- compare brain activity at encoding that are subsequently remembered with those that are subsequently forgotten
- identified neural. correlates of successful encoding
- Brain activity required to properly encode new episodic mems
subsequent memory paradigm
good/successful ending activates ____ area of the temporal lobe and the left ____ cortex in MTLs and memory from subsequent memory paradigm
hippocampal; frontal
deeper processing may involve more MTL activity –> better encoding
depth processing
more MTL activity during learning predicts recall and the ability to remember _____ ____
source information
hippocampus is “fooled” by the critical lure (false)
false memory
_____ encodes new declarative memories
MTL (especially hippocampus)
how are mems consolidated
- standard consolidation theory
- multiple trace theory
- evidence for a systems consolidation period
ribot gradient
- anterograde amnesia may experience graded retrograde amnesia
inability to retrieve recent memories prior to injury, but remote memories are intact
graded retrograde amnesia
- an ____ memory is a distributed representation of components in sensory/association cortices
episodic
during learning, storage, & retrieval of recent memories, the ____ serves as a “hub” binding these cortical components
MTL
explains by MTL disruption/damage usually results in loss of recent memories (still undergoing consolidation) but NOT older memories (fully consolidated)
standard consolidation theory
after system consolidation, retrieval is still dependent on the MTL (T/F)
FALSE IT IS NOT
- MTL helps organize together the distributed semantic facts into specific episodic memories
- every retrieval of a memory forms a new MTL mediated memory trace
- TRUE episodic memories are never fully independent of the MTL
- explains cases of severe retrograde amnesia
- also suggest that spared memories after MTL damage are actually semantic rather than true episodic
multiple memory trace
____ cortex may play an organizing role in declarative memories:
- selecting info to be encoded into LTM
- retrieving info from long-term mem into WM
frontal
- seems to control hippocampus activity, possibly guiding encoding process
- ____ lobe damage causes problems of source memory –> problems of retrieving context of complex memories
frontal lobe
____ is possible “hub” for semantic memory
ATL
frontal cortex can manage the ____ and memory encoding
MTL
damage in frontal leads to errors in remembering _____ of facts
- more false alarms and probe to confabulation
sources
- regulates episodic + semantic memory
subcortical structures (diencephalon – mammillary bodies & MD nucleus of thalamus)
- the basal forebrain (base of forebrain)
damage to of either of the _____ ____ can cause anterograde amnesia
subcortical structures (diencephalon – mammillary bodies & MD nucleus of thalamus)
- the basal forebrain (base of forebrain)
MTL is regulated by ____ ____
- medial septum releases ACH and GABA into hippocampus via fornix
basal ganglia
basal forebrain damage leads to
anterograde + retrograde amnesia
- patients may confabulate (confuse free associations with reality)
MTL & frontal cortex are regulated by ______
- mammillary bodies
- mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus
diencephalon
- thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency
- chronic alcohol abuse sometimes accompanied
- damage to the diencephalon
- patients may confabulate
Korsakoff’s disease
- selects info for further processing during learning
- has a role in source memory
frontal cortex
- especially hippocampus
- encodes the memory by binding info
MTL
stores declarative mem distributed across many different specialized processing regions
cerebral cortex
additional ____ roles come from basal forebrain and diencephalon
modulatory
evidence for ____ _mem comes form
- imaging studies
- animal models
- electrophysiology
- studies of patients with brain damage
declarative
- suggests that MTL is only needed during endowing and consolidation period (retrieval of recent memories)
- corticoid-cortical connection are strengthened during consolidation leaving older memories resistant to MTL damage after the consolidation period
standard consolidation theory
MTL IS ALWAYS REQUIRED for episodic memory
- every retrieval of a memory forms a new MTL mediated memory trace
multiple memory trace theory
- temp memory disruption often due to brief interruption of blood low to the brain
- transient abnormalities due to hippocampus
transient global amnesia
- results psychological cause ex. dissociative fugue is loos of personal identity due to severe psychological trauma
- can be faked for personal gain
functional / psychogenic amnesia
- severe retrograde amnesia for episodic memories
- temporary anterograde amnesia
- grief from granddad’s death
- decreased glucose metabolism in MTL and medial diencephalon (involved in memory storage and retrieval)
P.N / Lumberjack pt
universal inability to remember events prior to age 3 or 4
infantile amnesia
- hippocampus and frontal cortex may beed to develop
- self recognition may be important in episodic mem development
- preverbal infants may bonnet be able to encore and store memories in a way that is accessible to them as adults
infantile amnesia factors
- learned through repetition, apparently infinite capacity, stored knowledge not currently “in mind”
Atkinson - Shiffrin memory model
sensory memory
- one “buffer” for each sense
- very large storage
- extremely rapid decay + rapidly over-written by new incoming sensory info
- attention transfers to STM
STM
- multimodal
- small capacity
- quick decay (<1 min) & over-writing (displacing by new info)
- rehearsal preserves info in STM
- ending and retrieval processes transfer to/from LTM
Atkinson - Shiffrin memory model
brief, transient sensations of what u just perceived
- one buffer for each set
- very large storage
-extremely rapid decay (~1-4 s) + rapidly overwritten by new incoming sensory info
- attention transfers to STM/WM
- rapid decay greatly limits conscious access to sensory memories
sensory memories
____ stores holds a complete snapshot of the world, but that it fades very rapidly
sensory
transient representations of info maintained in consciousness
- multimodal
- small capacity
- quick decay (<1 min) + over-writing
- rehearsal perseveres info in STM
- encoding + retrieval processes transfer to/from LTM
STM
____ memories are easier to form, don;t require protein synthesis & not disrupted by MTL damage
transient
large capacity, very short duration, one for each sense
sensory memory
aka working memory
- 7+/2
- select information
STM
rapid decay of limits ____ _____ to sensory memories
conscious access
- only report one row
- 3 letters from any given row
- holds a complete snapshot but fades very rapidly
partial report technique
- presentation of stimuli + coding info into WM
- different from encoding into LTM — attended info is encoded into WM
- cue (STM/WM) encoding
- maintenance +/ manipulation of info in WM for a period of time (+/ distraction)
- short delay (STM/WM)
access and utilization of info from WM to guide response
- response (stm/wm decoding)
finding meaning in info being stored in stm/wm
- depends on having meaningful chunks available in LTM
recoding aka chunking
attention determines ______: stops paying attention, lose info
duration
repeating info mentally to maintain attention
rehearsal
workspace for the mind
- collects sensory input, LTM representation & transform info
working mem
inner voice
phonological loop
inner eye
viisuospatial sketchpad
manipulator that controls info processing and attention
central executive
stores ~2 secs of auditory info
rehearsal is primarily directed at this component
- hearing in the mind
phonological loop
less capacity to maintain limits of multi-syllable words compared to single syllable words
***those who speak faster can rehearse longer lists
word-length effect
holds visual + spatial info for manipulation
- capacity independent form phonological loop
- well studied in non-humans
visuospatial sketchpad
- requires visual memory of object to be held in mind during **short delay **
function of visuospatial sketchpad
complex org in response to environmental demands
cognitive control
working mem, executive function, + cog control
PFC
- relative size of the PFC
- large pfc = better working mem, executive function
PFC
PFC damage –> ____ _____, decrease in working mem + executive function
dysexecutive funciton
task: when target number 7 appears, tell what item appears 2 items ago
N-back task
at each step, choose an item not yet selected
updating + monitoring of stm/wm for each prior step
- can be studied in humans
self-ordered memory test
- decreased digit span
- poor updating: n-back + self-ordered memory test
- poor planning: tower of Hanoi (shifting disks back and forth aimlessly)
- poor task switching with perseverance (unable to switch to new rule)
- poor IQ
dyseexecutive syndrome
lesions in the PFC produce disruptions in the ____
- impaired delayed-response task
STM
most involved in working mem + executive function
Lateral PFC
neurons in the ____ fire during fistic phases of working memory task
- delayed-response - eye -gaze- task
- some neurons the ___ DLPFC fire while info is being maintained in working memory (delay neurons)
- if delay neurons don’t maintain activity throughout delay, errors usually occur
- different neurons seem to encode different spatial locations
DLPFC
within _____ different areas seem to support different aspects of WM
lateral PFC
_____central executive function (manipulation), whereas ventrolateral PFC supports maintenance
DLPFC
simple maintenance
VLPFC
active maintenance of auditory
left VLPFC
visuospatial
right VLPFC
holds a copy of temp memories in place
traditional view is that PFC is storage
maintains activity in posterior portions of the cortex
newer theory of PFC is that it coordinates
provides focus control over working mem despite distractions
lateral PFC
- goals represented from abstract to concrete along the anterior-posterior axis of the PFC
goals of the PFC
- ____ brain regions that initially process info are activated by the PFC while that info is being maintained in working mem
posterior
active maintenance of internal neural representation is necessary for ___-directed behavior
goal
semantically deep processing
anterior VLPFC
shallow phonological processing
posterior VLPFC
- retrieval of past memory
- remembering the source
DLPFC
intentional encoding of new memories
VLPFC (left)
goal setting + planning
- entire tower must be moved from one peg to another
tower of Hanoi
switching btw tasks ; updating of working mem for active rule (Task)
Wisconsin card sorting test
- selecting appropriate behaviors & inhibiting inappropriate behaviors
stroop task
capacity to learn, reason, + understand
intelligence
updating short term mems
n-back, self ordered search
setting goals and planning
tower of Hanoi
switching tasks
Wisconsin card sorting
selecting/inhibiting behaviors
stroop task
