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Learning and Memory > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  • perceptual learning
  • declarative memory
  • skill learning
  • working memory
A

cerebral cortex

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2
Q
  • fear conditioning
  • emotional modulation of memory
A

amygdala

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3
Q
  • reinforcement learning
  • skill learning
A

basal ganglia

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4
Q
  • spatial learning
  • contextual conditioning
  • declarative memory
  • emotional modulation of memory
A

hippocampus

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5
Q
  • classical conditioning
  • skill learning
A

cerebellum

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6
Q
  • severe epilepsy
  • both medial temporal lobes removed
  • *hippocampus, EC, PH, + amygdala removed
  • most intact LTM system for retrieval of stored memories
  • did mirror tracing task
A

H.M

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7
Q

____ case showed that memory was a collection of brain systems

A

H.M

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8
Q

____ memory dependent on medial temporal lobe

A

declarative

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9
Q

_____-dependent on other lobes not dependent on MTL

A

nondeclarative memory

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10
Q
  • specific events
    • spatiotemporal context
A

episodic

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11
Q
  • facts and general knowledge
A

semantic

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12
Q

_____ builds upon _____

A

episodic; semantic

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13
Q

______ is extracted from _____

A

semantic; episodic

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14
Q

more freq semantic memories are shown the (stronger/weaker) the memory

A

stronger

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15
Q

more freq episodic memories are shown the (stronger/weaker) the memory

A

weaker

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16
Q

radiant arm maze indicate ____ memory

A

semantic

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17
Q

argued that conscious sense of self over time – allowing mental time travel is required by episodic memories and animals lack that

A

Tulving

  • disproved by gorillas showing that they can use signs to communicate about specific life events
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18
Q

initial storage or “writing” into memory

  • mere exposure is not enough
A

encoding

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19
Q

_____ knowledge DRAMATICALLY enhances encoding

A

background

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20
Q

what did Ebbinghaus’ experiment show us

A
  • expoentital forgetting curve
    • large Amt forgotten early, almost nothin later
  • initial storage is fragile but becomes stronger
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21
Q

strengthening the stability of stored info

A

consolidation

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22
Q

brain injury + disruption affects ____ memories much more
- suggests that the injury or disruption has halted/interrupted consolidation process

A

recent

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23
Q

____ is critical for memory consolidation

  • reactivation of memories possible mechanism (neural replay)
A

sleep

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24
Q

retrieval: more ____ = better recall

A

cues

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25
Q

_____ works best if recall condition match learning conditions (transfer-appropriate processing) and if more cues are available

A

retrieval

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26
Q

source is not remembered at all

A

source amnesia

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27
Q

associated with an incorrect source

A

memory/source misattribution

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28
Q

remembering someone else’s ideas as one’s own

A

Cryptomnesia

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29
Q

rapidly forgetting at first and then more slowly

A

simple forgetting

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30
Q

previous knowledge interferes

A

proactive inference

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31
Q

new knowledge wipes out previous knowledge

A

retroactive interference

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32
Q

losing the connection btw memory and source

A

source monitoring errors/misattribution

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33
Q

incorrectly “remembering” false information; mems are highly malleable

A

false memory

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34
Q

declarative memories are stored where

A

cerebral cortex in a DISTRIBUTED fashion

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35
Q

____ found cortical stimulation ==> simple sensations and complex memories

A

penfield

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36
Q

first cortical processing center

A

sensory cortex

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37
Q

links across senses

A

association cortex

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38
Q

cortical lesions –> _____

A

agnosia (semantic memory impairment)

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39
Q

cant understand spoken words, though other sounds are recognized, and reading.writing is intact

A

auditory agnosia for speech

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40
Q

cant recognize objects by feel

A

tactile agnosia

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41
Q

recordings from human cortex show neurons tuned to specific ____ ____

A

semantic categories

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42
Q

what NTs are from the brainstem to cortex systems

A

ACH, 5HT, NE

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43
Q
  • semantic dementia w/ progressive degeneration of left anterior temporal lobe
  • severely I,praired in semantic memory tasks such as pyramid & palm trees test
A

patient A.M

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44
Q

stories across many specialized processing centers in the cortex

A

semantic memories

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45
Q

semantic hub linking sensory and category specific cortical areas

A

anterior temporal lobe

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46
Q

encoding depends on what brain region

A

medial temporal lobe

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47
Q

what makes up the medial temporal lobe

A

hippocampus + surrounding cortex (entrohinal, perirhinal, parahippocampal cortices)

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48
Q

lesions of MTL produce ______ ___

A

anterograde amnesia

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49
Q

______ activity during learning predicts subsequent ability to remember

A

hippocampal

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50
Q
  • bilateral damage to MTL
  • cannot draw figure form mem after moderate delay –> failure to encode/store a LTM trace of a figure
  • animals with MTL show an inability to store new declarative memories
A

patient E.P

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51
Q

nonhumans animals with hippocampal/MTL experience _____ amnesia

A

anterograde amnesia —> unable to store new declarative memories

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52
Q

impairment on the delayed non-matching to sample task (w/ LONG DELAYS) is caused by

A

medial temporal love damage

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53
Q

rats with ____ lesions made many errors during the radial arm maze

A

hippocampal

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54
Q

chef for buried food catches random during the radial arm maze

A

lesioned scrub jays

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55
Q
  • compare brain activity at encoding that are subsequently remembered with those that are subsequently forgotten
  • identified neural. correlates of successful encoding
  • Brain activity required to properly encode new episodic mems
A

subsequent memory paradigm

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56
Q

good/successful ending activates ____ area of the temporal lobe and the left ____ cortex in MTLs and memory from subsequent memory paradigm

A

hippocampal; frontal

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57
Q

deeper processing may involve more MTL activity –> better encoding

A

depth processing

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58
Q

more MTL activity during learning predicts recall and the ability to remember _____ ____

A

source information

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59
Q

hippocampus is “fooled” by the critical lure (false)

A

false memory

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60
Q

_____ encodes new declarative memories

A

MTL (especially hippocampus)

61
Q

how are mems consolidated

A
  • standard consolidation theory
  • multiple trace theory
62
Q
  • evidence for a systems consolidation period
A

ribot gradient
- anterograde amnesia may experience graded retrograde amnesia

63
Q

inability to retrieve recent memories prior to injury, but remote memories are intact

A

graded retrograde amnesia

64
Q
  • an ____ memory is a distributed representation of components in sensory/association cortices
A

episodic

65
Q

during learning, storage, & retrieval of recent memories, the ____ serves as a “hub” binding these cortical components

A

MTL

66
Q

explains by MTL disruption/damage usually results in loss of recent memories (still undergoing consolidation) but NOT older memories (fully consolidated)

A

standard consolidation theory

67
Q

after system consolidation, retrieval is still dependent on the MTL (T/F)

A

FALSE IT IS NOT

68
Q
  • MTL helps organize together the distributed semantic facts into specific episodic memories
  • every retrieval of a memory forms a new MTL mediated memory trace
  • TRUE episodic memories are never fully independent of the MTL
  • explains cases of severe retrograde amnesia
  • also suggest that spared memories after MTL damage are actually semantic rather than true episodic
A

multiple memory trace

69
Q

____ cortex may play an organizing role in declarative memories:
- selecting info to be encoded into LTM
- retrieving info from long-term mem into WM

A

frontal

70
Q
  • seems to control hippocampus activity, possibly guiding encoding process
  • ____ lobe damage causes problems of source memory –> problems of retrieving context of complex memories
A

frontal lobe

71
Q

____ is possible “hub” for semantic memory

A

ATL

72
Q

frontal cortex can manage the ____ and memory encoding

A

MTL

73
Q

damage in frontal leads to errors in remembering _____ of facts

  • more false alarms and probe to confabulation
A

sources

74
Q
  • regulates episodic + semantic memory
A

subcortical structures (diencephalon – mammillary bodies & MD nucleus of thalamus)
- the basal forebrain (base of forebrain)

75
Q

damage to of either of the _____ ____ can cause anterograde amnesia

A

subcortical structures (diencephalon – mammillary bodies & MD nucleus of thalamus)
- the basal forebrain (base of forebrain)

76
Q

MTL is regulated by ____ ____
- medial septum releases ACH and GABA into hippocampus via fornix

A

basal ganglia

77
Q

basal forebrain damage leads to

A

anterograde + retrograde amnesia

  • patients may confabulate (confuse free associations with reality)
78
Q

MTL & frontal cortex are regulated by ______
- mammillary bodies
- mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus

A

diencephalon

79
Q
  • thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency
  • chronic alcohol abuse sometimes accompanied
  • damage to the diencephalon
  • patients may confabulate
A

Korsakoff’s disease

80
Q
  • selects info for further processing during learning
  • has a role in source memory
A

frontal cortex

81
Q
  • especially hippocampus
  • encodes the memory by binding info
A

MTL

82
Q

stores declarative mem distributed across many different specialized processing regions

A

cerebral cortex

83
Q

additional ____ roles come from basal forebrain and diencephalon

A

modulatory

84
Q

evidence for ____ _mem comes form
- imaging studies
- animal models
- electrophysiology
- studies of patients with brain damage

A

declarative

85
Q
  • suggests that MTL is only needed during endowing and consolidation period (retrieval of recent memories)
    • corticoid-cortical connection are strengthened during consolidation leaving older memories resistant to MTL damage after the consolidation period
A

standard consolidation theory

86
Q

MTL IS ALWAYS REQUIRED for episodic memory
- every retrieval of a memory forms a new MTL mediated memory trace

A

multiple memory trace theory

87
Q
  • temp memory disruption often due to brief interruption of blood low to the brain
  • transient abnormalities due to hippocampus
A

transient global amnesia

88
Q
  • results psychological cause ex. dissociative fugue is loos of personal identity due to severe psychological trauma
  • can be faked for personal gain
A

functional / psychogenic amnesia

89
Q
  • severe retrograde amnesia for episodic memories
  • temporary anterograde amnesia
  • grief from granddad’s death
  • decreased glucose metabolism in MTL and medial diencephalon (involved in memory storage and retrieval)
A

P.N / Lumberjack pt

90
Q

universal inability to remember events prior to age 3 or 4

A

infantile amnesia

91
Q
  1. hippocampus and frontal cortex may beed to develop
  2. self recognition may be important in episodic mem development
  3. preverbal infants may bonnet be able to encore and store memories in a way that is accessible to them as adults
A

infantile amnesia factors

92
Q
  • learned through repetition, apparently infinite capacity, stored knowledge not currently “in mind”
A

Atkinson - Shiffrin memory model

93
Q

sensory memory
- one “buffer” for each sense
- very large storage
- extremely rapid decay + rapidly over-written by new incoming sensory info
- attention transfers to STM

STM
- multimodal
- small capacity
- quick decay (<1 min) & over-writing (displacing by new info)
- rehearsal preserves info in STM
- ending and retrieval processes transfer to/from LTM

A

Atkinson - Shiffrin memory model

94
Q

brief, transient sensations of what u just perceived
- one buffer for each set
- very large storage
-extremely rapid decay (~1-4 s) + rapidly overwritten by new incoming sensory info
- attention transfers to STM/WM
- rapid decay greatly limits conscious access to sensory memories

A

sensory memories

95
Q

____ stores holds a complete snapshot of the world, but that it fades very rapidly

A

sensory

96
Q

transient representations of info maintained in consciousness

  • multimodal
  • small capacity
  • quick decay (<1 min) + over-writing
  • rehearsal perseveres info in STM
  • encoding + retrieval processes transfer to/from LTM
A

STM

97
Q

____ memories are easier to form, don;t require protein synthesis & not disrupted by MTL damage

A

transient

98
Q

large capacity, very short duration, one for each sense

A

sensory memory

99
Q

aka working memory
- 7+/2
- select information

A

STM

100
Q

rapid decay of limits ____ _____ to sensory memories

A

conscious access

101
Q
  • only report one row
  • 3 letters from any given row
  • holds a complete snapshot but fades very rapidly
A

partial report technique

102
Q
  • presentation of stimuli + coding info into WM
  • different from encoding into LTM — attended info is encoded into WM
A
  1. cue (STM/WM) encoding
103
Q
  • maintenance +/ manipulation of info in WM for a period of time (+/ distraction)
A
  1. short delay (STM/WM)
104
Q

access and utilization of info from WM to guide response

A
  1. response (stm/wm decoding)
105
Q

finding meaning in info being stored in stm/wm
- depends on having meaningful chunks available in LTM

A

recoding aka chunking

106
Q

attention determines ______: stops paying attention, lose info

A

duration

107
Q

repeating info mentally to maintain attention

A

rehearsal

108
Q

workspace for the mind
- collects sensory input, LTM representation & transform info

A

working mem

109
Q

inner voice

A

phonological loop

110
Q

inner eye

A

viisuospatial sketchpad

111
Q

manipulator that controls info processing and attention

A

central executive

112
Q

stores ~2 secs of auditory info

rehearsal is primarily directed at this component
- hearing in the mind

A

phonological loop

113
Q

less capacity to maintain limits of multi-syllable words compared to single syllable words

***those who speak faster can rehearse longer lists

A

word-length effect

114
Q

holds visual + spatial info for manipulation
- capacity independent form phonological loop
- well studied in non-humans

A

visuospatial sketchpad

115
Q
  • requires visual memory of object to be held in mind during **short delay **
A

function of visuospatial sketchpad

116
Q

complex org in response to environmental demands

A

cognitive control

117
Q

working mem, executive function, + cog control

A

PFC

118
Q
  • relative size of the PFC
  • large pfc = better working mem, executive function
A

PFC

119
Q

PFC damage –> ____ _____, decrease in working mem + executive function

A

dysexecutive funciton

120
Q

task: when target number 7 appears, tell what item appears 2 items ago

A

N-back task

121
Q

at each step, choose an item not yet selected

updating + monitoring of stm/wm for each prior step

  • can be studied in humans
A

self-ordered memory test

122
Q
  • decreased digit span
  • poor updating: n-back + self-ordered memory test
  • poor planning: tower of Hanoi (shifting disks back and forth aimlessly)
  • poor task switching with perseverance (unable to switch to new rule)
  • poor IQ
A

dyseexecutive syndrome

123
Q

lesions in the PFC produce disruptions in the ____
- impaired delayed-response task

A

STM

124
Q

most involved in working mem + executive function

A

Lateral PFC

125
Q

neurons in the ____ fire during fistic phases of working memory task
- delayed-response - eye -gaze- task

  • some neurons the ___ DLPFC fire while info is being maintained in working memory (delay neurons)
  • if delay neurons don’t maintain activity throughout delay, errors usually occur
  • different neurons seem to encode different spatial locations
A

DLPFC

126
Q

within _____ different areas seem to support different aspects of WM

A

lateral PFC

127
Q

_____central executive function (manipulation), whereas ventrolateral PFC supports maintenance

A

DLPFC

128
Q

simple maintenance

A

VLPFC

129
Q

active maintenance of auditory

A

left VLPFC

130
Q

visuospatial

A

right VLPFC

131
Q

holds a copy of temp memories in place

A

traditional view is that PFC is storage

132
Q

maintains activity in posterior portions of the cortex

A

newer theory of PFC is that it coordinates

133
Q

provides focus control over working mem despite distractions

A

lateral PFC

134
Q
  • goals represented from abstract to concrete along the anterior-posterior axis of the PFC
A

goals of the PFC

135
Q
  • ____ brain regions that initially process info are activated by the PFC while that info is being maintained in working mem
A

posterior

136
Q

active maintenance of internal neural representation is necessary for ___-directed behavior

A

goal

137
Q

semantically deep processing

A

anterior VLPFC

138
Q

shallow phonological processing

A

posterior VLPFC

139
Q
  • retrieval of past memory
  • remembering the source
A

DLPFC

140
Q

intentional encoding of new memories

A

VLPFC (left)

141
Q

goal setting + planning

  • entire tower must be moved from one peg to another
A

tower of Hanoi

142
Q

switching btw tasks ; updating of working mem for active rule (Task)

A

Wisconsin card sorting test

143
Q
  • selecting appropriate behaviors & inhibiting inappropriate behaviors
A

stroop task

144
Q

capacity to learn, reason, + understand

A

intelligence

145
Q

updating short term mems

A

n-back, self ordered search

146
Q

setting goals and planning

A

tower of Hanoi

147
Q

switching tasks

A

Wisconsin card sorting

148
Q

selecting/inhibiting behaviors

A

stroop task

Learning and Memory (4 decks)

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