exam 3 Flashcards by sophia rahman

decreasing responses to a frequent but innocuous stimulus

habituation

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increasing responses following noxious/arousing stimulus

ex. more acoustic startle after foot shock

sensitization

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previous exposure to stimulus affects later processing of the same stimulus or related stimuli

priming

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becoming better at processing/recognizing a set of frequently experienced stimuli (DISTINGUISHING among similar stimuli)

ex. detecting camouflaged moth

perceptual learning

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4 types of non-associative learning hers organisms to ___ behavior to predictable environments

adapt

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habituation: decrease in behavior

behaviorist approach

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relatively stable pt after substantial training

asymptote

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novel/arousing stimulus can temporarily recover responses to the habituating stimulus

this faces quickly

dis-habituation

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repeated stimulus stops, behavior gradually returns to normal
time

spontaneous recovery

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more repetition of stim –> ____-lasting habituation

longer

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taking breaks btw sessions (spaced exposures) makes habituation develop ___ but lasts much longer

slower

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pathway that weakens with repeated use

low-threshold reflex pathway

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state system that when activated, increases responses globally

high-threshold “state system”

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weakness primarily reflex pathway activation, stim specific decline in responsiveness –> ?

habituation

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noxious stim: reflex + state system activation, state system dominates, generalized increase in responsiveness –>?

sensitization

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moderate stimulus: initial reflex + state system cues more responsiveness, but gradually, reflex weakening dominates –> ?

sensitization followed by habituation

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changes your ability to detect and perceive the stimulus and related stimuli

repeated stimulus exposure

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repeated touch depletes sensory neuron of NT

synaptic depression

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in _____ some sensory motor synapses actually pruned away

LT habituation

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increase or decrease glutamate in habituation

decrease

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increase or decrease synapses in habituation

decrease

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after aversive shoot to tail next gentle touch is ____ withdrawal duration

longer

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tail shock activates interneurons that release ____

serotonin

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5HT ____ all sensory neurons to release ____ NT

MODULATES; MORE

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interneuron has a ____ threshold

high

long term sensitization, new-sensory motor synapses are (increased/decrease)

increase

refinement in the receptive fields due to development or experience

sensory cortical plasticity

visual association cortical areas more or less activated in blind people when engaged in braille reading and other tactile tasks

well organized in the cortex, forming orderly maps

receptive fields

smallest distance where participant is reliably correct

2 pt touch discrimination threshold

- helps organism prepare for the future

classical conditioning

a ___ (future CS) producing a new reflex

the CR takes place before or after UR

before

new CS --> CR reflex (light -> approach) prepares to obtain desirable US (female)

appetitive conditioning

new CS --> CR reflex [odor 2 --> avoidance] helps avoid noxious US [shock]

aversive conditioning

probably doesn't erase the CS-US connection, just new learning inhibits it

extinction

stress, new context, and/or passage of time can make the CS effective again

spontaneous recovery

does extinction erase the CS-US cnx?

no, just new learning inhibits it

stress,, new context, and/or passage of time can make CS effective again

spontaneous recovery - suggests that the classically conditioned memory survived extinction

conditioned stimulus needs to be before or after unconditioned stimulus

before

best learning; cs is continued throughout delay period

delay conditioning

optimal inter stimulus interval, with less learning at the ISIs too short or too long - longer ISIs --> worse learning - timing is important

trace conditioning

learning of tone as a CS is ___ due to pre-training with light CS

blocking

conditioning is about ____ info in the environment

tracking

when a potential CS is ___ to what is known, no learning occurs

redundant

phase 1: CS is useless, has stopped paying attention

latent inhibition

tone + taste with poison, only ___ provokes CR

taste

tone + taste with shock, only ___ CR

tone

t/f we have innate preferences for forming associations

only changes weights to the US and can't account for latent inhibitions and other phenomenon in which CS processing itself seems to change errors of prediction drive learning

rescorla Wagner model explains BLOCKING

- focused on attention and the way the cs is processed - repeated exposure with no consequence decreases salience (attention), a form of habituation

mackintosh

- pre-exposure to the CS decreases attention for that stimulus, making it harder to learn about it in the training phase

latent inhibition

eye blink conditioning in rabbits depends on _____

cerebellum

damage to the ____ disrupts classical conditioning

cerebellum

- mossy fibers split 1. granule cells projecting to ***purkinje cells*** in cerebellar cortex 2. ***interpositus nucleus*** within the cerebellar deep nuclei

CS input pathway

- inferior olive of midbrain to ***climbing fibers*** that split 1. to ***purkinje neurons*** in the cerebellar cortex 2. to ***interpositus nucleus***

US input pathway

***purkinje cells*** of cerebellar cortex, which collect both CS + US input - purkinje cells inhibit output neurons of the ***interpositus nucleus*** - when disinhibited, interpositus nucleus output can activate CR + inhibit initial stage of US input pathway

CR output

CAN generate CRS (blink to tone), but DOES NOT GENERATE URS (blink to air puff)

interpositus

CS-US association may be stored?

- purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex - interposition nucleus of the deep cerebellar nuclei (eyeblink CR pathway)

____ cells switch off in response to the CS

purkinje cells

turning off purkinje inhibitor (disinhibition) of the ___ ____ enables the CS to generate CRS

interpositus nucleus

researchers direct stimulation of which 2 areas of the brain to US

pontine nuclei & inferior olive

REAL CSs could activate ___ as well (writing a memory to the brain)

CRs

small ____ lesions destroy + prevent CRs

interpositus

lesions in the cerebellar cortex (Purkinje cells) affect ___ of CR learning - seen in children with autism

timing

___ ___ nucleus receives: excitatory US input - with training, CS also comes to evoke inhibition in the inferior olive via a branch in interpositus output - net activity in the ____ ____ reflects actual US (US excitation) less expected US (CS-evoked inhibition) = prediction error

inferior olive

- blocking CS evoked inhibition of ___ ____ blocking blocking --> disabling reduction in error from phase 1 learning, enabling full learning to both CSs during phase 2

inferior olive

- doesn't alter basic classical conditioning ***ELIMINATES LATENT INHIBITON*** - other paradigms depending off changes in the processing of the CS - trace conditions + conditioning

hippocampus removal