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apes semester 1 > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

croplands

A

produce grains

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2
Q

rangelands

A

produces meat from grazing livestock

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3
Q

hydroponics

A

growth of food without soil, water infused with nutrients

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4
Q

gmos

A

artificially altered crops, easier to grow and higher yields

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5
Q

inorganic commerical fertilizers

A

inexpensive, easy to apply to large fields, only have NPK

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6
Q

furrow irrigation

A

furrows cut between fields and filled with water, 33% water lost

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7
Q

flood irrigation

A

water diverted to field, 20% water lost

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8
Q

spray irrigation

A

pumping groundwater into spray nozzles, 25% water lsot

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9
Q

drip irrigation

A

hoses with holes spray water directly on roots, 5% water lost

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10
Q

aquaculture

A

growing and harvesting aquatic plants and animals for consumption

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11
Q

world food security

A

amount of grain available per person

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12
Q

loss of world grain stock

A

warmer temps, drought, ethanol production, grain feeding livestock, more meat consumed in developed countries

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13
Q

marasmus

A

low in calories, low in protein

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14
Q

kwashiokor

A

enough calories, low in protein

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15
Q

overnutrition

A

energy intake (food) is greater than energy expenditure

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16
Q

malnutrition

A

dietary imbalances, nutritional deficiencies, over or under weight

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17
Q

industrialized agriculture

A

lots of energy, water, fertilizer, pesticides used, produces monoculture crops or livestock

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18
Q

commercial fertlizers

A

overnutrition/eutrophication in water

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19
Q

pesticides

A

soil structure changes, retains less water, loss of soil fertility

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20
Q

plantation agriculture

A

cash crops or large monoculture plantations

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21
Q

intensive agriculture

A

human labor, fertilizer and water get higher yield, for survival and income

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22
Q

subsistence agriculture

A

human labor, producing enough for survival

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23
Q

benefits of irrigation types

A

usually easy and more precise in water placement, also can add nutrients

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24
Q

disadvantages of irrigation types

A

water lost to evaporation, risk of soil erosion and salinization, use of machines

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25
Q

first and second green revolutions

A

developed, developing, introduced mechanization in agriculture, fertilizer and pesticides, higher crop yields

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26
Q

third green revolution

A

gmos, genetically engineering crop and livestock

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27
Q

domestication on genetic diversity

A

desirable and successful traits favored, lose genetic diversity (less variety)

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28
Q

advantages of gmos

A

less fertilizer and water needed, faster growth, more pest and disease resistance, spoil slower, higher yields

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29
Q

disadvantages of gmos

A

toxins, lower nutrition, pests become more resistant, lower genetic diversity

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30
Q

cafos

A

animals ready for slaughter faster, crowded, low-quality feed, lots of organic waste, less expensive

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31
Q

free-range farming

A

animals graze on grass, no antibotic/chemical use, less organic waste, large land required, expensive

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32
Q

disadvantages of free-range farming

A

erosion, animal waste in water, world grains feed livestock, use lots of water, degrades land quickly

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33
Q

sustainable meat production

A

don’t go over carrying capacity, refurnish bare areas, stop land use around water sources, raise animals that consume less grain

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34
Q

trawler fishing

A

net dragged along sea floor, damages habitats

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35
Q

purse-seine fishing

A

circular net dropped, anything in net is captured

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36
Q

draft-net fishing

A

net dropped in ocean, fish get hooked by gills

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37
Q

long-line fishing

A

line of fish hooks, fish eat bait and are caught

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38
Q

fish farming

A

controlled environment to grow fish, ex. cage

39
Q

fish ranching

A

fish in captivity, released to wild, harvested when return to breed

40
Q

aquaculture problems

A

overfishing, bycatch, habitats destroyed, dense populations = risk of disease, reduce genetic variability, fish can compete or mate with wild fish

41
Q

soil erosion

A

surface litter and topsoil moved around by water or wind

42
Q

how humans increase soil erosion

A

vehicles, logging, farming, construction, overgrazing livestock

43
Q

effects of soil erosion

A

poor soil fertility, eroded soil in water causes water pollution

44
Q

nutrient mineral depletion

A

positive feedbakc loop, plants harvested = nutrients removed from soil = fewer plants can be supported in future

45
Q

salinization

A

irrigation from groundwater causes salt buildup in soil

46
Q

solutions to salinization

A

reduce irrigation, salt tolerant crops, flush soil, underground drainage systems, 2-5 years of untouched soil

47
Q

desertification

A

soil becomes dry and falls due to drought, erosion, salinization, and soil compaction

48
Q

solutions to desertification

A

low/no-till famring, rotate grazing, plant trees, check irrigation methods

49
Q

waterlogging

A

water trapped under surface, can’t percolate down, plants roots salinized

50
Q

contour cropping

A

crop trenches not in straight lines

51
Q

terracing

A

produces level area for better farming and less soil erosion

52
Q

strip cropping

A

legume planted near/nect to to add nitrogen

53
Q

agroforestry

A

trees planted between crops to minimize wind erosion

54
Q

shelterbelts

A

trees planted around edges of fields to break up wind

55
Q

organic fertilizer

A

slower, lasts longer, made from natural components

56
Q

inorganic fertilizer

A

plant soluble but leaches out to groundwater, uses different chemical elements

57
Q

soil conservation act

A

conserve natural resources on private land

58
Q

food security act

A

help farmers develop conservation plan for farms

59
Q

conservation reserve program

A

gov funded, pays farmers to stop planting crops on highly erodible land

60
Q

coevolution

A

plants and pests evolve to take each other down

61
Q

pesticides

A

chemicals to kill or control populations of pests

62
Q

ddt

A

cheap, effective, kills anything (including beneficial species)

63
Q

pros of pesticides

A

increase food supply, increase profits for farmers, work fast, becoming safer

64
Q

cons of pesticides

A

pesticide treadmill/coevolution, travel around through air, harm wildlife and humans

65
Q

fifra

A

requires EPA approval for pesticides and sets tolerance level for consumers

66
Q

food, drug, cosmetics act

A

established legal and illegal levels of pesticides on processed foods

67
Q

delaney clause

A

no tested cancer causing substances in processed foods

68
Q

food quality protection act

A

established pesticide residue limit

69
Q

economic threshold

A

point at which economic losses of pesticides outway gains of pesticides

70
Q

ipm

A

farmer develops pesticide and pest control program, want to reduce crop damage to economically tolerable level

71
Q

benefits of development

A

reduce pollution, reduce poverty, lower infant mortality rate, reduce low wages and poor work conditions

72
Q

disadvantages of development

A

high pollution volume, environmentally disconnected

73
Q

how do developed and developing countries suffer sustainably

A

resource depletion, renewable overuse, tragedy of the commons

74
Q

ipat model

A

population x consumption per person x technological impact per unit of consumption = environmental impact of pop

75
Q

ecological footprint

A

amount of productive land, freshwater, and ocean required to supply a person with necesities to live sustainably

76
Q

overburden

A

layer of rock and soil on top of mineral deposit, removed in surface mining

77
Q

open pit mining

A

machines dig deep pit to reach ore

78
Q

dredging

A

chain buckets and draglines srape up underwater mineral deposits

79
Q

area strip mining

A

overburden stripped away, powershovel digs to ore

80
Q

contour strip mining

A

terraces cut, overburden removed, poweshovel extracts ore

81
Q

mountaintop removal

A

explosives remove mountaintop

82
Q

tailings

A

mineral and material residue left over from mining

83
Q

smcra

A

requires mining operations to have complete plans before beginning

84
Q

environmental effects of mining

A

disrupts land surface, acid mine drainage, subsidence, air and water pollution

85
Q

urbanization on water

A

grass covered by concrete = less water can infilitrate = becomes runoff

86
Q

urbanization on carbon cycle

A

increase fossil fuel consumption = global warming, increases air pollution

87
Q

urban sprawl

A

population changes from high density to lower density suburbs due to infrastructure and road construction

88
Q

negatives of urban sprawl

A

more resource and energy used, more flooding, more pollution, farmland relocates to wild areas

89
Q

clearcutting

A

all trees cut down, sunlight available

90
Q

problems with clearcutting

A

lots of erosion = loss of soil fertility, increased flooding/runoff from less filtration, decrease in biodiversity

91
Q

seed tree cutting

A

most trees cut down, decrease in genetic diversity

92
Q

shelterwood cutting

A

mature trees removed, largest trees stay to shelter newer trees

93
Q

selective cutting

A

mature trees cut individually or in small clusters, natural regeneration

94
Q

prescribed fires

A

remove pests, remove underbrush and dead material, encourage new growth

apes semester 1 (9 decks)

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