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unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

croplands

A

produce grains

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2
Q

rangelands

A

produces meat from grazing livestock

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3
Q

hydroponics

A

growth of food without soil, water infused with nutrients

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4
Q

gmos

A

artificially altered crops, easier to grow and higher yields

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5
Q

inorganic commerical fertilizers

A

inexpensive, easy to apply to large fields, only have NPK

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6
Q

furrow irrigation

A

furrows cut between fields and filled with water, 33% water lost

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7
Q

flood irrigation

A

water diverted to field, 20% water lost

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8
Q

spray irrigation

A

pumping groundwater into spray nozzles, 25% water lsot

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9
Q

drip irrigation

A

hoses with holes spray water directly on roots, 5% water lost

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10
Q

aquaculture

A

growing and harvesting aquatic plants and animals for consumption

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11
Q

world food security

A

amount of grain available per person

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12
Q

loss of world grain stock

A

warmer temps, drought, ethanol production, grain feeding livestock, more meat consumed in developed countries

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13
Q

marasmus

A

low in calories, low in protein

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14
Q

kwashiokor

A

enough calories, low in protein

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15
Q

overnutrition

A

energy intake (food) is greater than energy expenditure

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16
Q

malnutrition

A

dietary imbalances, nutritional deficiencies, over or under weight

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17
Q

industrialized agriculture

A

lots of energy, water, fertilizer, pesticides used, produces monoculture crops or livestock

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18
Q

commercial fertlizers

A

overnutrition/eutrophication in water

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19
Q

pesticides

A

soil structure changes, retains less water, loss of soil fertility

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20
Q

plantation agriculture

A

cash crops or large monoculture plantations

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21
Q

intensive agriculture

A

human labor, fertilizer and water get higher yield, for survival and income

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22
Q

subsistence agriculture

A

human labor, producing enough for survival

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23
Q

benefits of irrigation types

A

usually easy and more precise in water placement, also can add nutrients

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24
Q

disadvantages of irrigation types

A

water lost to evaporation, risk of soil erosion and salinization, use of machines

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25
first and second green revolutions
developed, developing, introduced mechanization in agriculture, fertilizer and pesticides, higher crop yields
26
third green revolution
gmos, genetically engineering crop and livestock
27
domestication on genetic diversity
desirable and successful traits favored, lose genetic diversity (less variety)
28
advantages of gmos
less fertilizer and water needed, faster growth, more pest and disease resistance, spoil slower, higher yields
29
disadvantages of gmos
toxins, lower nutrition, pests become more resistant, lower genetic diversity
30
cafos
animals ready for slaughter faster, crowded, low-quality feed, lots of organic waste, less expensive
31
free-range farming
animals graze on grass, no antibotic/chemical use, less organic waste, large land required, expensive
32
disadvantages of free-range farming
erosion, animal waste in water, world grains feed livestock, use lots of water, degrades land quickly
33
sustainable meat production
don't go over carrying capacity, refurnish bare areas, stop land use around water sources, raise animals that consume less grain
34
trawler fishing
net dragged along sea floor, damages habitats
35
purse-seine fishing
circular net dropped, anything in net is captured
36
draft-net fishing
net dropped in ocean, fish get hooked by gills
37
long-line fishing
line of fish hooks, fish eat bait and are caught
38
fish farming
controlled environment to grow fish, ex. cage
39
fish ranching
fish in captivity, released to wild, harvested when return to breed
40
aquaculture problems
overfishing, bycatch, habitats destroyed, dense populations = risk of disease, reduce genetic variability, fish can compete or mate with wild fish
41
soil erosion
surface litter and topsoil moved around by water or wind
42
how humans increase soil erosion
vehicles, logging, farming, construction, overgrazing livestock
43
effects of soil erosion
poor soil fertility, eroded soil in water causes water pollution
44
nutrient mineral depletion
positive feedbakc loop, plants harvested = nutrients removed from soil = fewer plants can be supported in future
45
salinization
irrigation from groundwater causes salt buildup in soil
46
solutions to salinization
reduce irrigation, salt tolerant crops, flush soil, underground drainage systems, 2-5 years of untouched soil
47
desertification
soil becomes dry and falls due to drought, erosion, salinization, and soil compaction
48
solutions to desertification
low/no-till famring, rotate grazing, plant trees, check irrigation methods
49
waterlogging
water trapped under surface, can't percolate down, plants roots salinized
50
contour cropping
crop trenches not in straight lines
51
terracing
produces level area for better farming and less soil erosion
52
strip cropping
legume planted near/nect to to add nitrogen
53
agroforestry
trees planted between crops to minimize wind erosion
54
shelterbelts
trees planted around edges of fields to break up wind
55
organic fertilizer
slower, lasts longer, made from natural components
56
inorganic fertilizer
plant soluble but leaches out to groundwater, uses different chemical elements
57
soil conservation act
conserve natural resources on private land
58
food security act
help farmers develop conservation plan for farms
59
conservation reserve program
gov funded, pays farmers to stop planting crops on highly erodible land
60
coevolution
plants and pests evolve to take each other down
61
pesticides
chemicals to kill or control populations of pests
62
ddt
cheap, effective, kills anything (including beneficial species)
63
pros of pesticides
increase food supply, increase profits for farmers, work fast, becoming safer
64
cons of pesticides
pesticide treadmill/coevolution, travel around through air, harm wildlife and humans
65
fifra
requires EPA approval for pesticides and sets tolerance level for consumers
66
food, drug, cosmetics act
established legal and illegal levels of pesticides on processed foods
67
delaney clause
no tested cancer causing substances in processed foods
68
food quality protection act
established pesticide residue limit
69
economic threshold
point at which economic losses of pesticides outway gains of pesticides
70
ipm
farmer develops pesticide and pest control program, want to reduce crop damage to economically tolerable level
71
benefits of development
reduce pollution, reduce poverty, lower infant mortality rate, reduce low wages and poor work conditions
72
disadvantages of development
high pollution volume, environmentally disconnected
73
how do developed and developing countries suffer sustainably
resource depletion, renewable overuse, tragedy of the commons
74
ipat model
population x consumption per person x technological impact per unit of consumption = environmental impact of pop
75
ecological footprint
amount of productive land, freshwater, and ocean required to supply a person with necesities to live sustainably
76
overburden
layer of rock and soil on top of mineral deposit, removed in surface mining
77
open pit mining
machines dig deep pit to reach ore
78
dredging
chain buckets and draglines srape up underwater mineral deposits
79
area strip mining
overburden stripped away, powershovel digs to ore
80
contour strip mining
terraces cut, overburden removed, poweshovel extracts ore
81
mountaintop removal
explosives remove mountaintop
82
tailings
mineral and material residue left over from mining
83
smcra
requires mining operations to have complete plans before beginning
84
environmental effects of mining
disrupts land surface, acid mine drainage, subsidence, air and water pollution
85
urbanization on water
grass covered by concrete = less water can infilitrate = becomes runoff
86
urbanization on carbon cycle
increase fossil fuel consumption = global warming, increases air pollution
87
urban sprawl
population changes from high density to lower density suburbs due to infrastructure and road construction
88
negatives of urban sprawl
more resource and energy used, more flooding, more pollution, farmland relocates to wild areas
89
clearcutting
all trees cut down, sunlight available
90
problems with clearcutting
lots of erosion = loss of soil fertility, increased flooding/runoff from less filtration, decrease in biodiversity
91
seed tree cutting
most trees cut down, decrease in genetic diversity
92
shelterwood cutting
mature trees removed, largest trees stay to shelter newer trees
93
selective cutting
mature trees cut individually or in small clusters, natural regeneration
94
prescribed fires
remove pests, remove underbrush and dead material, encourage new growth

apes semester 1 (9 decks)

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