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apes semester 1 > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

biodiversity

A

number, variety, and variability of earth’s organisms; genetic, species, and ecosystem

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2
Q

genetic diversity

A

richness of gene pool within a single species, high variability necessary for long-term species survival

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3
Q

why is high variability necessary for survival?

A

improves resistance to disease/pests, increases likelihood a species can adapt to changes in an environment

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4
Q

diversity of a species

A

number of difference species + abundance of individuals within each species

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5
Q

species richness

A

number of different species in an ecosystem; 1st

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6
Q

species eveness

A

comparison of abundance of individuals in each species

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7
Q

ecosystem/habitat diversity

A

variety of ecosystems on earth, variety of species and species interactions

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8
Q

factors affecting species diversity in communities

A

latitude, net primary productivity, habitat diversity, habitat disturbance, time, pollution, biogeography

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9
Q

latitude

A

species diversity highest in ecosystems closest to equator

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10
Q

net primary productiviy

A

higher NPP (like tropical rainforests and estuaries) = high biodiversity

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11
Q

habitat diversity

A

habitat are sources of food, shelter, mating grounds, and protection; more niches = more support for species diversity

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12
Q

habitat disturbance

A

loss of available resources = decline in diversity

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13
Q

time

A

habitats become more mature overtime = can support more organisms and greater species variety

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14
Q

pollution

A

degrades air, water, soil, resources, some species may not be supported

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15
Q

biogeography

A

more widespread species = higher genetic diversity

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16
Q

ecosystems with greater species diversity

A

more likely to recover from disruptions to ecosystems

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17
Q

how do humans impact biodiversity

A

agriculture, exploitation of species, habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, introduction of invasive species

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18
Q

provisioning ecosystem services

A

products directly obtained from ecosystems

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19
Q

regulating ecosystem services

A

benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes

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20
Q

cultural ecosystem services

A

nonmaterial benefits obtained from ecosystem

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21
Q

supporting ecosystem services

A

services necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services

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22
Q

how do humans disrupt ecosystem services

A

overexploitation of resources, combustion of fuel sources, habitat destruction, pollution, agriculture, urbanization

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23
Q

island biogeography

A

species diversity is a balance of how many immigrate ONTO an island and how many emigrate AWAY or go EXTINCT

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24
Q

island features affecting immigration and emmigration/extinction rates

A

island size and island distance from a mainland

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25
Q

island settlers with high rate of survival from mainland

A

plants, insects, birds, bats - able to travel long distances and survive trip from mainland to island

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26
Q

island settlers with low rate of survival from mainland

A

mammals, reptiles, amphibians

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27
Q

size of island

A

larger island = more space for species to spread, less competition, more potential niches

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28
Q

distance from island

A

closer islands = more likely to be colonized more frequently

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29
Q

resources available

A

more resources = more likely colonizers will survive

30
Q

presence or absence of predators

A

predators keep prey populations down

31
Q

genetic adaptations and ecological tolerance of immigrant species

A

greater genetic diversity = greater ecological tolerance = more likely species will have adaptations to survive

32
Q

weather/geologic events

A

can wipe out whole populations

33
Q

habitat island

A

tropical island, or isolated habitats and ecosystems

34
Q

ecological succession

A

transition in species composition over ecological time

35
Q

primary succession

A

bare rock - lichens - mosses - seeds/grasses - small shrubs - trees

36
Q

secondary succession

A

soil - pioneer species - intermediate species - climax community

37
Q

ecological tolerance

A

the range of conditions an organism can endure before injury or death; temp, salinity, flow rate, sunlight, pH

38
Q

disruptions

A

any event affecting structure and function of an ecosystem, human caused or natural

39
Q

earth’s Milankovitch cycles

A

tilt ranges from 22.1 - 24.5, orbit shape changes from circular to elliptical every 90,000-100,000 years

40
Q

effects of earth’s Milankovitch cycles

A

changes lead to glacial and interglacial periods every 40,000 years

41
Q

plate tectonics

A

movement of plates over millions of years

42
Q

continental drift

A

environments have changed over time, plates broke apart and shifted; ex, antarctica used to have forests

43
Q

periodic disruptions

A

short-term, occur with highly consistent frequency

44
Q

episodic disruptions

A

short-term, occasional, may have a regular season, but no frequency within season

45
Q

random disruptions

A

short-term, no particular frequency at all

46
Q

impacts of natural disturbances

A

may have greater impact than human disturbances, result in habitat change, fragmentation, or loss, influence animal behaviors, influence species diversity

47
Q

migration

A

seasonal long-distance movement of animals from one location to another for a period of time

48
Q

reasons for migration

A

to find food, to find favorable living conditions, find breeding grounds, lay eggs, hibernate

49
Q

keystone species

A

help determine types and numbers of species in a community, much larger affect than number of keystones in a community

50
Q

loss of keystone species

A

population crashes, extinction of other species in a community, no regulation of predators and prey

51
Q

indicator species

A

serve as warning of damage or danger to a community

52
Q

example of indicator species - trout and estrogen in water

A

high levels of estrogen lead to decreasing numbers of male fish born

53
Q

example of indicator species - canary in a coal mine

A

canary is sensitive to toxic gases, like CO

54
Q

example of indicator species - amphibians and ozone

A

amphibians are sensitive to UV radiation

55
Q

example of indicator species - oysters in salt marshes

A

oysters are natural water filters and indicate water quality

56
Q

example of indicator species - e. coli in water

A

indication of contaminated water

57
Q

example of indicator species - lichens

A

sensitive to air pollution and disappear in in poor air quality

58
Q

5 causes of evolution

A

variation, natural selection, non-random mating, migration, genetic drift

59
Q

variation

A

gene pool consists of different alleles for the same gene; more variation in gene pool = greater likelihood for species to survive

60
Q

natural selection

A

more individuals born than can survive, species with adaptations and favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

61
Q

disruptive natural selection

A

extremes selected over intermediates

62
Q

stabilizing natural selection

A

intermediates selected over extremes

63
Q

directional natural selection

A

one extreme is favored over all others

64
Q

non-random mating

A

competition for mates, indication of good genes

65
Q

migration

A

natural events form boundaries between populations, prevent mating between species, lead to fomation of new species

66
Q

genetic drift

A

change in the frequency of allele within a population over time

67
Q

population bottleneck

A

disaster occurs and reduces population = gene pool is reduced and what is left of population has decreased genetic and phenotypic variability

68
Q

founder’s effect

A

sudden decline in population = decline in genetic variability, putting species at greater risk of eventual extinction

69
Q

allopatric speciation

A

two species evolve due to geographic separation

70
Q

peripatric speciation

A

small groups of individuals break from larger group to form new species

71
Q

parapatric speciation

A

species is spread out over a large geographic area, but mainly reproduces with individuals in local area

72
Q

sympatric speciation

A

development of many similar species in a single habitat, each with a different specialization

apes semester 1 (9 decks)

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