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unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

biodiversity

A

number, variety, and variability of earth’s organisms; genetic, species, and ecosystem

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2
Q

genetic diversity

A

richness of gene pool within a single species, high variability necessary for long-term species survival

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3
Q

why is high variability necessary for survival?

A

improves resistance to disease/pests, increases likelihood a species can adapt to changes in an environment

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4
Q

diversity of a species

A

number of difference species + abundance of individuals within each species

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5
Q

species richness

A

number of different species in an ecosystem; 1st

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6
Q

species eveness

A

comparison of abundance of individuals in each species

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7
Q

ecosystem/habitat diversity

A

variety of ecosystems on earth, variety of species and species interactions

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8
Q

factors affecting species diversity in communities

A

latitude, net primary productivity, habitat diversity, habitat disturbance, time, pollution, biogeography

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9
Q

latitude

A

species diversity highest in ecosystems closest to equator

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10
Q

net primary productiviy

A

higher NPP (like tropical rainforests and estuaries) = high biodiversity

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11
Q

habitat diversity

A

habitat are sources of food, shelter, mating grounds, and protection; more niches = more support for species diversity

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12
Q

habitat disturbance

A

loss of available resources = decline in diversity

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13
Q

time

A

habitats become more mature overtime = can support more organisms and greater species variety

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14
Q

pollution

A

degrades air, water, soil, resources, some species may not be supported

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15
Q

biogeography

A

more widespread species = higher genetic diversity

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16
Q

ecosystems with greater species diversity

A

more likely to recover from disruptions to ecosystems

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17
Q

how do humans impact biodiversity

A

agriculture, exploitation of species, habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, introduction of invasive species

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18
Q

provisioning ecosystem services

A

products directly obtained from ecosystems

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19
Q

regulating ecosystem services

A

benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes

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20
Q

cultural ecosystem services

A

nonmaterial benefits obtained from ecosystem

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21
Q

supporting ecosystem services

A

services necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services

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22
Q

how do humans disrupt ecosystem services

A

overexploitation of resources, combustion of fuel sources, habitat destruction, pollution, agriculture, urbanization

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23
Q

island biogeography

A

species diversity is a balance of how many immigrate ONTO an island and how many emigrate AWAY or go EXTINCT

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24
Q

island features affecting immigration and emmigration/extinction rates

A

island size and island distance from a mainland

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25
island settlers with high rate of survival from mainland
plants, insects, birds, bats - able to travel long distances and survive trip from mainland to island
26
island settlers with low rate of survival from mainland
mammals, reptiles, amphibians
27
size of island
larger island = more space for species to spread, less competition, more potential niches
28
distance from island
closer islands = more likely to be colonized more frequently
29
resources available
more resources = more likely colonizers will survive
30
presence or absence of predators
predators keep prey populations down
31
genetic adaptations and ecological tolerance of immigrant species
greater genetic diversity = greater ecological tolerance = more likely species will have adaptations to survive
32
weather/geologic events
can wipe out whole populations
33
habitat island
tropical island, or isolated habitats and ecosystems
34
ecological succession
transition in species composition over ecological time
35
primary succession
bare rock - lichens - mosses - seeds/grasses - small shrubs - trees
36
secondary succession
soil - pioneer species - intermediate species - climax community
37
ecological tolerance
the range of conditions an organism can endure before injury or death; temp, salinity, flow rate, sunlight, pH
38
disruptions
any event affecting structure and function of an ecosystem, human caused or natural
39
earth's Milankovitch cycles
tilt ranges from 22.1 - 24.5, orbit shape changes from circular to elliptical every 90,000-100,000 years
40
effects of earth's Milankovitch cycles
changes lead to glacial and interglacial periods every 40,000 years
41
plate tectonics
movement of plates over millions of years
42
continental drift
environments have changed over time, plates broke apart and shifted; ex, antarctica used to have forests
43
periodic disruptions
short-term, occur with highly consistent frequency
44
episodic disruptions
short-term, occasional, may have a regular season, but no frequency within season
45
random disruptions
short-term, no particular frequency at all
46
impacts of natural disturbances
may have greater impact than human disturbances, result in habitat change, fragmentation, or loss, influence animal behaviors, influence species diversity
47
migration
seasonal long-distance movement of animals from one location to another for a period of time
48
reasons for migration
to find food, to find favorable living conditions, find breeding grounds, lay eggs, hibernate
49
keystone species
help determine types and numbers of species in a community, much larger affect than number of keystones in a community
50
loss of keystone species
population crashes, extinction of other species in a community, no regulation of predators and prey
51
indicator species
serve as warning of damage or danger to a community
52
example of indicator species - trout and estrogen in water
high levels of estrogen lead to decreasing numbers of male fish born
53
example of indicator species - canary in a coal mine
canary is sensitive to toxic gases, like CO
54
example of indicator species - amphibians and ozone
amphibians are sensitive to UV radiation
55
example of indicator species - oysters in salt marshes
oysters are natural water filters and indicate water quality
56
example of indicator species - e. coli in water
indication of contaminated water
57
example of indicator species - lichens
sensitive to air pollution and disappear in in poor air quality
58
5 causes of evolution
variation, natural selection, non-random mating, migration, genetic drift
59
variation
gene pool consists of different alleles for the same gene; more variation in gene pool = greater likelihood for species to survive
60
natural selection
more individuals born than can survive, species with adaptations and favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
61
disruptive natural selection
extremes selected over intermediates
62
stabilizing natural selection
intermediates selected over extremes
63
directional natural selection
one extreme is favored over all others
64
non-random mating
competition for mates, indication of good genes
65
migration
natural events form boundaries between populations, prevent mating between species, lead to fomation of new species
66
genetic drift
change in the frequency of allele within a population over time
67
population bottleneck
disaster occurs and reduces population = gene pool is reduced and what is left of population has decreased genetic and phenotypic variability
68
founder's effect
sudden decline in population = decline in genetic variability, putting species at greater risk of eventual extinction
69
allopatric speciation
two species evolve due to geographic separation
70
peripatric speciation
small groups of individuals break from larger group to form new species
71
parapatric speciation
species is spread out over a large geographic area, but mainly reproduces with individuals in local area
72
sympatric speciation
development of many similar species in a single habitat, each with a different specialization

apes semester 1 (9 decks)

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