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apes semester 1 > unit 4 > Flashcards

unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

core

A

inner = solid, outer = liquid, mostly composed of iron

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2
Q

mantle

A

82% of earth’s volume and 67% of earth’s mass, asthenosphere, iron, silica, magnesium, oxygen

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3
Q

asthenosphere

A

“plastic rock”, outer molten layer, allows for plate movement

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4
Q

crust

A

outermost and thinnest layer, continental crust = 29% of earth’s surface, oceanic crust = 71% of eath’s surface

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5
Q

earth’s internal processes

A

gravity, convection currents, mantle plumes, heat from earth (deforms mantle so it flows)

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6
Q

heat from earth’s core

A

mantle deforms and flows, plates constantly move, convection cells, mantle plumes

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7
Q

convection cells

A

large “bubbles” of heated rock move

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8
Q

mantle plumes

A

molten rocks travel up a column, spread in radial pattern near crust

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9
Q

where can earthquakes and volcanoes b e found

A

along belts, at hot spots, or at plate boundaries

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10
Q

ring of fire

A

pacific plate boundary

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11
Q

lithosphere

A

outer shell, 20 plates, made of crustal rock and part of upper mantle

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12
Q

alfred wegener 1915 continental drift

A

continents were connected in a super continent (Pangaea) but they broke apart and drifted

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13
Q

evidence of continental drift

A

matching fossils found in africa and south america, mountains with similar structure, age, and mineral composition, ancient climates

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14
Q

pangaea

A

supercontinent, broke off into Laurasia and Gondwanaland

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15
Q

divergeant boundary

A

plates move in OPPOSITE directions, upwelling of material from mantle “sea-floor spreading”, newest land is closest to boundary

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16
Q

convergeant boundary

A

plates move together, destroying crust, subduction occurs

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17
Q

subduction

A

oceanic crust is denser than continental crust so it sinks under continental

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18
Q

oceanic-continental convergeance

A

oceanic and continental crust collide, ocean plate sinks below, plate melts and magma flows up = volcanoes, trench formation

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19
Q

oceanic-oceanic convergeance

A

oceanic crust collides from both directions, formation of volcanoes, trench formation

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20
Q

continental continental convergeance

A

continental crust collides from both directions, forms highest mountains in the world

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21
Q

transform boundary

A

plates grind past one another without producing or destroying crust, NO volcanoe formation

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22
Q

hot spot

A

usually hot area in mantle layer

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23
Q

hawaiin hot spot

A

pacific plates move past northwest at 9 cm per year, hot spot doesn’t move with plate = chain of volcanic islands produced

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24
Q

earthquake

A

vibration of earth produced by rapid release of potential energy caused by plate slipping along a fault

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25
Q

fault

A

large fracture in earth’s crust

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26
Q

surface waves

A

slowest, travel along earth’s outer layer, all other vibrations of seismogram

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27
Q

body waves

A

primary and secondary

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28
Q

primary body waves

A

travel through solids, liquids, and gases, 1.7 times faster than s-waves

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29
Q

secondary body waves

A

travel ONLY through solids

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30
Q

p waves on seismogram

A

first markings because they travel the fastest

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31
Q

s waves on seismogram

A

first larger waves

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32
Q

richter scale

A

measures wave amplitude and energy

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33
Q

time travel graph

A

used to see how far an earthquake traveled, looks at difference in arrival times of P and S waves

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34
Q

wave amplitude

A

each number is a 10x wave amplitude increase

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35
Q

wave energy

A

30x energy increase between each level

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36
Q

primary effects of earthquake

A

shaking, ground displacement

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37
Q

secondary effects of earthquake

A

rockslides, subsidence, fires, flooding, tsunamis, roads destroyedsoil liquefaction

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38
Q

Anak Krakatau

A

most powerful volcanic erruption in recorded history, located west of sumatra in indonesia

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39
Q

where do we find volcanoes

A

divergeant boundaries, convergeant boundaries, hot spots

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40
Q

magma

A

hot, molten rock that forms beneath earth’s surface

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41
Q

lava

A

molten rock that reached earth’s surface through volcanic vents

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42
Q

what’s inside magma

A

silica = determines viscosity (flow resistance)

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43
Q

what decides how violent a volcanic erruption is

A

temperature, silica composition, amount of gases dissolved; greater pressure = greater violence

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44
Q

affect of temperature on volcanic violence

A

temp increases = more energy in magma, dissolved gasses move faster, more collisions occur and pressure increases

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45
Q

affect of amount of gases dissolved on volcanic violence

A

more gases dissolved = more collisions in magma chamber, greater pressure

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46
Q

shield volcanoes

A

large volcanoes with gently sloping sides, made of liquid lava, usually occur at hotspots, less violent erruptions, shorter time between erruptions, lower viscosity

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47
Q

cinder cone volcanoes

A

small volcanoes with steep sides, frequently occur in groups, made of pyroclastic material

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48
Q

pyroclastic material

A

hot gas and volcanic solid fragments ejected during volcanic erruption

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49
Q

composite volcano

A

fromed by alternating layers of lava and rock fragments, tallest and most violent types, most common, “ring of fire”

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50
Q

cryptodome

A

part of volcano sinks in, sign that erruption will soon occur

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51
Q

after volcanic erruption

A

gases remain in atmosphere and go into clouds, cloud droplets reflect suns energy and help to cool the planet

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52
Q

soil

A

thin covering over most land

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53
Q

factors that affect soil formation

A

parent rock/material, time, climate, biota, soil food web, slope/topography, weathering

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54
Q

climate

A

most influential on soil formation, CO2 + water = carbonic acid in soil, temp affected decay rate, precip affects weathering

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55
Q

biota

A

adds to humus and fertility

56
Q

slope/topography

A

steep = no soil due to gravity, flat areas = best soil, side of a mountain may block sun or receive more sun

57
Q

slow process of soil renewing

A

rock weathering, deposit by erosion, decomposition by soil organisms

58
Q

how soil is beneficial

A

provides nutrients, filters water

59
Q

soil horizons

A

show layers of soil

60
Q

o horizon

A

accumulation of plant litter

61
Q

a horizon

A

topsoil - organic matter and humus

62
Q

b horizon

A

subsoil - clay and nutrient minerals

63
Q

c horizon

A

weathered pieces of rock

64
Q

solid parent material

A

bedrock, unweathered

65
Q

e horizon

A

heavily leached

66
Q

color of topsoil

A

can infer soil fertility

67
Q

dark brown and black topsoil

A

nitrogen rich

68
Q

gray, bright red, and yellow topsoil

A

low in organic matter, need nitrogen enrichment

69
Q

orange soil

A

soil is high in iron

70
Q

infiltration

A

water penetrates soil

71
Q

percolation

A

water moves downward

72
Q

leaching

A

minerals and organic matter are carried from upper soil layers to lower soil layers

73
Q

illuviation

A

leached material in lower layers of soil decomposes

74
Q

spodosol

A

in colder regions, has good drainage leading to distinct layers

75
Q

alfisols

A

temperate deciduous forest

76
Q

mollisols

A

found in temperate, semiarid grasslands, fertile soil

77
Q

aridsols

A

found in arid and desert regions, lack of precipitation, do not have distinct layers of leching and illuviation

78
Q

oxisols

A

low in nutrient minerals, in tropical and subtropical areas, lots of precipitation, quick decomposition, lots of vegetation

79
Q

clay

A

very fine particles, settles LAST

80
Q

silt

A

fine particles, settles SECOND

81
Q

sand

A

medium sized particles, settles FIRST

82
Q

gravel

A

coarse to very coarse particles

83
Q

soil texture

A

helps determine porosity and permeability

84
Q

loam

A

best for growth, no one particle dominates over the other

85
Q

porosity

A

measure of total amount of water soil can hold, clay has largest total volume of pore space = most porous

86
Q

permeability

A

measure of amount of water that can pass through a substance, more pore space = more permeable, sand has high permeability, clay has low permeability

87
Q

shrink and swell potential

A

higher porosity = will shirnk and swell more

88
Q

soil depth

A

how far you can dig until you hit rock, indicates age and fertility

89
Q

fertilizer labels

A

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

90
Q

nitrogen

A

dna and proteins, most limiting factor in plant growth

91
Q

phosphorus

A

root development and plant maturity, most limiting nutrient in soil

92
Q

potassium

A

disease resistance, wilting prevention

93
Q

soil pH

A

pH affects solubility of nutrient minerals, ranges from 4.0 to 8.0

94
Q

pH is determined by

A

parent material, chemical nature of any water entering the soil, land management practices, activities of organisms living in the soil

95
Q

freshwater usage rates

A

10% residential, 20% industrial, 70% irrigation

96
Q

watershed

A

region from which surface water drains into a river, lake, wetland, or other body of water

97
Q

headwaters

A

origin of a river, usually found at a mountain

98
Q

divide

A

boundary between two or more watersheds

99
Q

tributary

A

small stream that empties into a larger river

100
Q

floodplain

A

area of low-lying ground adjacent to a river, formed mainly over vier sediments and subject to flooding, fertile soil

101
Q

estuary

A

mouth of a river, freshwater is emptied into ocean, high variability in salinity and temp

102
Q

reliable runoff

A

amount of water we can generally count of as a stable source of water annually

103
Q

living on a floodplain

A

fertile soil, plenty of water for irrigation, river transportation, recreation, flatland suitbale for crops or building

104
Q

zone of saturation

A

zone where all open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water

105
Q

water table

A

upper limit of zone of saturation

106
Q

zone of aeration

A

area above the water table where openings in sediment and rock are filled with air

107
Q

unconfined aquifer

A

groundwater source not trapped by a layer of rock

108
Q

confined aquifer

A

groundwater trapped by a layer of rock above

109
Q

recharge area

A

areas that water can get through to reach the zone of saturation

110
Q

discharge area

A

area that water dumps into flowing runoff water

111
Q

ogallala aquifer

A

world’s largest aquifer, runs from south dakota and wyoming to texas

112
Q

urbanizagtion/urban sprawl

A

humans cover soil, remove vegetation, and replace with concrete, increasing runoff and flooding and decreasing water infiltration and aquifer recharge

113
Q

agriculture

A

overuse of fertilizers = eutrophication, contaminated water, overuse of aquifers

114
Q

industrialization

A

add pollution to water and degrade water quality

115
Q

dams and water diversion projects

A

causes habitat destruction and flooding, prevents nutrient rich sediment from flowing downstream, prevents fish migration upstream, increased evaporation in reservoirs

116
Q

deforestation

A

remove vegetation = increases soil erosion, decreases soil fertility

117
Q

atmosphere

A

thin envelope of gases surrounding the earth, pressure, air density, temp change with altitude

118
Q

trophosphere

A

inner most layer, weather occurs, biogeochemical cycling occurs, ozone = smog, 75% all atmospheric gases

119
Q

stratosphere

A

2nd layer, less water vapor, increased good ozone, 95% of uv rays filtered

120
Q

mesosphere

A

3rd layer, cold, low pressure, most meteors entering earth are burned up here

121
Q

thermosphere

A

4th layer, temp varies 9close to sun but thin air), satellites orbit earth

122
Q

exosphere

A

5th layer, space-atmosphere merger

123
Q

weather

A

average temp and precip over a short period of time

124
Q

climate

A

avergae temp and precip over long period of time

125
Q

suns rays

A

more direct = higher avergae temps, stick to earth more intensely, shorter distance to earth = can concentrate on smaller area

126
Q

global wind patterns

A

convection currents transfer heat from from equator to poles

127
Q

coriolis effect

A

earth’s rotation influences direction of surface winds

128
Q

factors driving ocean currents

A

wind, coriolis affect

129
Q

heat islands

A

infrastructure replaces open land and vegetation, surfaces become impermeable and dry = urban regions become warmer than surrounding rural regions

130
Q

urban heat islands cause

A

less vegetation to shade surroundings, more concrete to absorb heat

131
Q

environmental issues of heat islands

A

elevated emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases, impaired water quality, general discomfort

132
Q

how to reduce heat island impacts

A

increase vegetation for shade, use green roofs, use cool roofs to reflect heat, use cool pavements to reflect solar energy

133
Q

el nino

A

warming of eastern pacific, cooling of atlantic, occurs every 5 years, reduces atlantic hurricanes, warmer and drier winters in west US, Asia, and Australia, cool and rainy in southeast US

134
Q

la nina

A

warming of atlantic, cooling of pacific, occurs on and off with el nino, more atlantic hurricanes, warmer and dried in southeast US, cool and rainy in west US, asia, and austrailia

135
Q

rain shadow effect

A

windward side of mountain receives precip, leeward side of mountain is dry

apes semester 1 (9 decks)

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