Unit 5? Flashcards
Earth’s layers in order from outer to inner
Crust
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core
Two other layers in the mantle
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Is the outer core liquid or solid
Liquid
Is the inner core liquid or solid
Solid
Core
The innermost zone of the planet made of nickel and iron
The innermost zone of the planet made of nickel and iron
Core
Mantle
Above the core containing magma
Above the core containing magma
Mantle
What is the core made out of
Nickel and iron
What does the mantle contain
Magma
Crust
The outermost layer of the planet
The outermost layer of the planet
Crust
Asthenosphere
The outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock (like caramel)
The outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock (like caramel)
Asthenosphere
What is the asthenosphere composed of
Semi-molten rock
Lithosphere
The brittle outermost layer of the planet that is approximately 100km thick
The brittle outermost layer of the planet that is approximately 100km thick
Lithosphere
Heat causes plumed of hot magma to well (upward/downward) from the mantle
Upward
Hotspots
Places where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere
Places where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere
Hotspots
Plate tectonics
The theory that states that Earth’s lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion
Divergent plate boundaries
When plates move apart from one another
<—— ——>
When plates move apart from one another
Divergent plate boundaries
What occurs at divergent plate boundaries
Seafloor spreading
Volcanoes
Earthquakes
Tsunamis
Convergent plate boundaries
When plates move toward one another and collide
——> <——
When plates move toward one another and collide
Convergent plate boundaries
What happens at convergent plate boundaries
Volcanoes
Earthquakes
Trenches
Mountains
Transform fault boundaries
The plates move sideways past each other
——>
<——
The plates move sideways past each other
Transform fault boundaries
What happens at transform fault boundaries
Earthquakes
Tsunamis
Volcanoes
As a plate moves over a hot spot, rising magma forms a volcano
As a plate moves over a hot spot, rising magma forms …..
A volcano
Faults
A fracture in rock across which there is movement
A fracture in rock across which there is movement
Faults
Earthquakes
Occur when the rocks of the lithosphere rupture unexpectedly along a fault
Occur when the rocks of the lithosphere rupture unexpectedly along a fault
Earthquakes
Epicenter
The exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where the rock ruptures
The exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where the rock ruptures
Epicenter
Richter scale
Measure of the longest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake. Scale increases by a factor of 10, so an earthquake of 7 is 10 times greater than an earthquake of 6
Measure of the longest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake. Scale increases by a factor of 10, so an earthquake of 7 is 10 times greater than an earthquake of 6
Richter scale
Moment magnitude scale
Introduced as a successor to the Richter scale. Compares energy released by earthquakes and is based on the movement of the earthquake. More accurate in measuring large earthquakes than the Richter scale
Introduced as a successor to the Richter scale. Compares energy released by earthquakes and is based on the movement of the earthquake. More accurate in measuring large earthquakes than the Richter scale
Moment magnitude scale
Mercalli scale
Measures the intensity of an Earthquake by quantifying the effects of an earthquake on the earth’s surface. Requires a witness.
Measures the intensity of an Earthquake by quantifying the effects of an earthquake on the earth’s surface. Requires a witness.
Mercalli scale
A wave is moving _______
Energy
Potential causes of tsunamis
Earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides
Igneous rocks
Rocks that form directly from magma
Rocks that form directly from magma
Igneous rocks
Intrusive igneous
Form from within Earth as magma cools
Form from within Earth as magma cools
Intrusive igneous
Extrusive igneous
Form when magma cools above earth
Form when magma cools above earth
Extrusive igneous
Sedimentary rocks
Form when sediments such as mud, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments
Form when sediments such as mud, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Form when sedimentary, igneous, or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures
Form when sedimentary, igneous, or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures
Metamorphic rocks
Earth’s crust is mostly ______ and ______
Oxygen and silicon
Reserves
The known quality of a resource that can be economically recovered
Surface mining
Removing minerals that are close to Earth’s surface
Removing minerals that are close to Earth’s surface
Surface mining
Strip mining
Removing strips of soil and rock to expose ore
Removing strips of soil and rock to expose ore
Strip mining
Open pit mining
The creation of a large pit or hole in the ground that is visible from the surface
The creation of a large pit or hole in the ground that is visible from the surface
Open pit mining
Mountaintop removal
Removing the entire top of a mountain with explosives
Removing the entire top of a mountain with explosives
Mountaintop removal
Placer mining
Looking for metals and stones in river sediments
Looking for metals and stones in river sediments
Placer mining
Subsurface mining
Mining for resources that are 100m below the earth’s surface
Mining for resources that are 100m below the earth’s surface
Subsurface mining
Impact of mining: what does rainwater carry into nearby streams (or infiltrates ground water with)
Sulfuric acid
Impacts of mining: (lowers/highers) pH of water, making toxic metals like _______ or ________ more soluble in water sources
Lowers, mercury/aluminum
Impact of mining: methane release definition
Coal mining releases methane gas (CH4) from rock around coal
Coal mining releases methane gas (CH4) from rock around coal
Methane release
Impact of mining: PM release definition
Releases lots of soot and other particulates that can irritate human & animal lungs (especially with coal mining)
Releases lots of soot and other particulates that can irritate human & animal lungs (especially with coal mining)
PM release
Impact of mining: acid mine drainage
Rainwater leaks into abandoned mine tunnels and mixed with pyrite, forming sulfuric acid
Rainwater leaks into abandoned mine tunnels and mixed with pyrite, forming sulfuric acid
Acid mine drainage
3 reasons why soil matters
-breaks down organic material & regulates nutrients
-medium for plant growth
-filters water
-habitat for a variety of organisms
-soil is a carbon sink
natural cycling of nutrients in soil
plants take in nutrients from the soil, animals take in nutrients from the plants. These nutrients go back into the soil, primarily through decomposition of biomass.
common agricultural practice that leads to increased erosion in soils
tilling of soil
causes of soil degradation (3)
deforestation, agriculture (salinization), overgrazing
salinization
natural process of increasing salt content
two main components of soil formation
weathering & erosion
weathering
when rocks are exposed to air, water, certain chemicals or biological agents that degrade
physical weathering
the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals
ex. wind, water
chemical weathering
the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions
ex. acid rain
biological weathering
caused by plants and animals. Both release an acid forming chemical that cause weathering of rocks
ex. pioneer species, lichen & bacteria
caused by plants and animals. Both release an acid forming chemical that cause weathering of rocks
ex. pioneer species, lichen & bacteria
biological weathering
the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions
ex. acid rain
chemical weathering
the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals
ex. wind, water
physical weathering
natural process of increasing salt content
salinization
erosion
the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem. Wind, water, ice transport, and living organisms can erode materials
deposition
the accumulation or depositing of eroded materials such as sediment, rock fragments, or soil
(sediments, soil, or rocks are added to a landform or landmass)
the accumulation or depositing of eroded materials such as sediment, rock fragments, or soil
(sediments, soil, or rocks are added to a landform or landmass)
deposition
factors that determine the formation of soil (5)
CROPT
climate
relief (topography)
organisms
parent material
time
climate in relation to soil formation
temperature & moisture influence the speed of chemical reactions, which, in turn, control how fast rocks weather and dead organisms decompose
cold & dry temperatures (slow down/speed up) decomposition & soil formation
slow down
warm & wet temperatures (slow down/speed up) decomposition & soil formation
speed up
topography
the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area
the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area
topography
relief in relation to soil formation
the shape of the land and the direction in faces makes a difference in how much sunlight the soil gets, and how much water it keeps
-steep slopes –> less development due to high erosion rates
-south facing slopes in the northern hemisphere –> more development as they are warmer
do steep slopes cause high soil development or low soil development & why
less development due to high erosion rates
organisms in relation to soil formation
plant roots spread out, animals burrow, and bacteria eat. These and other soil organisms speed up the breakdown of large soil particles into smaller ones.
roots give off what that break down minerals and other organic materials
CO2 & organic acids
why can roots physically break down rocks
in order to allow for water to enter & to further weather the soil
parent material
the rock material from which soils derived from
-every soil inherits traits from the material from which it formed
the rock material from which soils derived from
parent material
time in relation to soil formation
older soils had longer to develop
more development = more horizons
more soil development = more ________
horizons
soil horizons in order from top to bottom
O
A
E (some soils)
B
C
O horizon
organic layer
composed of the leaves, needles, twigs, and animal bodies on the surface
organic layer of soil
composed of the leaves, needles, twigs, and animal bodies on the surface
O horizon
A horizon
topsoil
the zone of organic material and minerals mixed together
topsoil layer of soil
the zone of organic material and minerals mixed together
A horizon
E horizon
(only in some soils)
mineral horizon in the upper part of the soil. Typically present only in forested areas. Underlies O or A horizon.
(layer only in some soils)
mineral horizon in the upper part of the soil. Typically present only in forested areas. Underlies O or A horizon.
E horizon
B horizon
subsoil
composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter
subsoil layer of soil
composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter
B horizon
C horizon
parent material
the least weathered horizon and is similar to the parent material
parent material layer of soil
the least weathered horizon and is similar to the parent material
C horizon
R horizon
bedrock
unweathered parent rock
bedrock layer of soil
unweathered parent rock
R horizon
soil proportions
minerals (45%)
-sand, clay, silt
pore space/porosity (water 25% air 25%)
organic matter (5%)
-from plants & animals
different sizes of the soil particles
sand (biggest)
silt (middle)
clay (smallest)
texture (soil)
the percentage of sand, silt, and clay the soil contains
what can be used to represent soil texture
soil triangles
draw & label a soil triangle
clay at the top, sand on the bottom left, silt on the bottom right
clay % on the left, silt % on the right, sand % on the bottom
porosity
the measure of pore spaces in a material (%)
amount of space between soil particles that determines how much water and air can move through the soil
the measure of pore spaces in a material (%)
amount of space between soil particles that determines how much water and air can move through the soil
porosity
permeability
how quickly water can pass through the soil
how quickly water can pass through the soil
permeability
compare the permeability of sand to clay
sand is more permeable than clay
clay will hold more water in, sand will let the water pass through
cation exchange capacity
(CEC) the ability if a soil to absorb and release cations, positively charged mineral ions
process that allows plants to gain nutrients
cations
positively charged mineral ions
the ability if a soil to absorb and release cations, positively charged mineral ions
process that allows plants to gain nutrients
cation exchange capacity
in the soil, what do cations attach themselves to
soil particles, which are negatively charged
soil bases
calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium
soil acids
aluminum and hydrogen
base saturation
the proportion of soil to soil acids
the proportion of soil to soil acids
base saturation
what does pH measure (soil)
measures the acidity & alkalinity or hydrogen ion concentration
what does salinity measure (soil)
measure of the salt content
humus
organic content
what does ion exchange capacity measure (soil)
measures the ability to absorb & release nutrients needed by plants
soil texture/ribbon test measures what
percentage of sand, silt, and clay
percolation rate
permeability
speed of infiltration of water
moisture content (soil)
the amount of water in the soil at anytime
friability (soil)
how soil is held together or forms clumps
soil compaction
degree to which soil resists pressure from the wind, water, and machinery
what does color indicate in soil
dark soil has more organic matter & humus
warmer shade = more iron
watersheds
all of the land that drains into a specific body of water (river, lake, etc)
what are watersheds determined by
slope & ridges of land that divide watersheds (different runoff directions)
3 things that play a large role in how watersheds drain
vegetation, soil composition, & slope
more vegetation in watersheds =
more infiltration & groundwater recharge
greater slope in watersheds =
faster velocity of runoff & more soil erosion
soil permeability in watersheds determines …
runoff vs. infiltration rates
human activities of watersheds & what they impact
agriculture, clearcutting, urbanization, damns, mining
impact H2O quality
2 effects of clearcutting
soil erosion
-caused by the loss of stabilizing root structure
-removes soil organic matter & nutrients from the forest
-deposits sediments in local streams
increased soil & stream temperatures
-soil has a lower albedo than leaves of trees
-warms water & makes it more turbid (cloudy)
-loss of tree shade increases soil temperature & warms rivers, lakes, and streams
change in water quality & linkage to deforestation -
increase in water temperature
loss of shade, increased solar radiation reaching the stream
change in water quality & linkage to deforestation -
increase in sediment/turbidity
loss of root structure/leaf litter/canopy leads to increased soil erosion and runoff
change in water quality & linkage to deforestation -increase in nutrient concentration
loss of vegetation results in less nutrient uptake and subsequent runoff into streams`
change in water quality & linkage to deforestation -
decrease in pH
loss of root structure allows naturally occurring acids to run off into streams
change in water quality & linkage to deforestation -
decrease in dissolved oxygen
loss of shade leads to warmer water, which holds less dissolved oxygen
soil contents
sand, silt, clay, water, air, living stuff, organic material (from decomposing matter)
soil fertility
balance of micronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)
balance of micronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)
soil fertility
the balance of micronutrients (NPK) in soil largely comes from…
parent material & organisms in the soil
high soil fertility =
abundant & healthy plant life
aquifer
underground body of water
underground body of water
aquifer
soil does what to our groundwater
treats & filters our groundwater
what leads to the loss of soil fertility
-by planting the same thing over & over again in the same area
-overgrazing, deforestation, tilling –> increase of erosion –> roots cant hold soil in place anymore
soils are formed from the (top-down/bottom-up) as organic matter dies and decomposes
top-down
parent materials are weathered, transported, and then deposited by…
rain, ice, gravity, and wind
what type of soil is typically the most fertile
mature soil
warm temperatures in relation to decomposition
warm temperatures speed up decomposition
cold temperatures in relation to decomposition
cold temperatures slow down decomposition
warm temperatures in relation to soil formation
warm temperatures speed up soil formation
cold temperatures in relation to decomposition
cold temperatures slow down soil formation
does salt make it harder or easier for plants to grow
harder
gases of the earth’s atmosphere
nitrogen 78%
oxygen 21%
argon 0.93%
water vapor 0-4%
CO2 0.04%
layers of the atmosphere from closest to furthest
troposphere
(peak ozone layer)
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
exosphere
draw the layers of the atmosphere and the heat curve
see notes
thermosphere temperature
temperature increases due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation
-hottest place on earth
temperature increases due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation
-hottest place on earth
thermosphere
mesosphere temperature
temperature decreases because density decreases, leaving fewer molecules to absorb sun
-coldest place on earth
temperature decreases because density decreases, leaving fewer molecules to absorb sun
-coldest place on earth
mesosphere
stratosphere temperature
temperature increases because top layer of the stratosphere is warmed by the creation of the ozone
temperature increases because top layer is warmed by the creation of the ozone
stratosphere
troposphere temperature
temperature decreases as air gets further away from warmth of the earth’s surface
temperature decreases as air gets further away from warmth of the earth’s surface
troposphere
what is the troposphere heated by
the earth
conduction
the ground heats the air
when the ground heats the air
conduction
when warm air rises
convection
convection
when warm air rises
what is the stratosphere heated by
the ozone layer
uv radiation is converted into thermal energy, heating the stratosphere
what is the mesosphere heated by
the stratosphere
the mesosphere contains gases that (can/cannot) absorb the sun’s radiation
cannot
the thermosphere contains gases that (can/cannot) absorb the sun’s radiation
can
what is the thermosphere heated by
the sun
air that rises is considered (stable/unstable)
unstable
cold
earth
stable or unstable?
unstable
warm
earth
stable or unstable?
stable
exosphere
outermost layer where the atmosphere merges with space
at what layer of the atmosphere would satellites be found
exosphere
at what layer of the atmosphere does weather occur
troposphere
most dense layer of atmosphere
troposphere
how many km far is the troposphere
0-16km
lowest layer of the atmosphere
troposphere
which layer of atmosphere experiences the highest air pressure
troposphere
which layer of atmosphere contains most of the atmosphere’s mass
troposphere
is air stable or unstable in the troposphere
unstable
what is the second layer of the atmosphere
stratosphere
how many km far is the stratosphere
16-60km
second most dense layer of the atmosphere
stratosphere
is the air in the stratosphere stable or unstable
stable
what is temperature inversion a result of
the ozone layer
how many km far is the mesosphere
60-80km
third most dense layer of the atmosphere
mesosphere
is the mesosphere stable or unstable
unstable because gases cannot absorb the sun’s radiation
hottest layer of the earth
thermosphere
at what layer can the northern lights be seen
thermosphere
warm air has (high/low) density, cool air has (high/low) density
low, high
warm air has (high/low) pressure, cool air has (high/low) pressure
low, high
wind is the movement of ….
air
what causes wind (4)
-uneven heating of the earth
-earth’s rotation
-coriolis effect
-pressure differences
albedo
reflectivity
reflectivity
albedo
global temperatures variations caused by what
different parts of the world heating up differently
incoming solar radiation is absorbed by… (3)
atmosphere, clouds, and earth’s surface
convection currents1 - at the ITCZ, the sun heats the moist tropical air, causing it to….
rise
convection currents2 - as the air rises, it experiences _______, which causes water vapor to condense into rain and fall back to earth
adiabatic cooling
convection currents3 - the condensation of water vapor produces ___________. This causes the air to expand and rise further up into the atmosphere
latent heat release
convection currents4 - the warm, rising air displaces the _______ air above it to the north and south
cooler, drier air
convection currents5 - the cool, dry air sinks and experiences ____________. It reaches the earth’s surface as warm, dry air, and then flows back toward the equator
adiabatic heating
look at the formation of convection current chart in notes
-
tropopause
lid to the lowest part of the atmosphere, which contains all weather
the three cells
-polar cell
-ferrel cell
-Hadley cell
position of the three cells
polar cell on top and bottom, two Hadley cells in the center, ferrel cell between polar and Hadley cells (check notes)
smallest cells
polar cells
largest cells
Hadley cells
how are ferrel cells unlike the other cells
not driven by temperature, flows in the opposite direction to Hadley and polar cells, transports heat from the equator to the poles
draw the three cells and their directions
see notes
where air is rising, areas of (low/high) pressure are created, and (less/more) rainfall
low, more
why are there large areas of rainfall near the equator
because when air is rising, areas of low pressure are created, and more rainfall occurs
when air is descending, an area of (low/high) pressure forms, giving (less/more) rainfall
high, less
atmospheric convention currents
global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of the earth
Hadley cells
the convection currents that cycle between the equator and 30 degrees north and south
intertropical convergence
the area of earth that receives the most sunlight and where the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells converge
the area of earth that receives the most sunlight and where the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells converge
intertropical convergence
polar cells
the convection currents that are formed by air that rises at 60 degrees north and south and sinks at the poles (90 degrees north and south)
the convection currents that cycle between the equator and 30 degrees north and south
Hadley cells
global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of the earth
atmospheric convention currents
the convection currents that are formed by air that rises at 60 degrees north and south and sinks at the poles (90 degrees north and south)
polar cells
Coriolis effect
the spin of the earth induces an apparent motion to the right in the northern hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere. Earth rotates faster at the equator than the poles
the spin of the earth induces an apparent motion to the right in the northern hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere. Earth rotates faster at the equator than the poles
coriolos effect
what causes the Coriolis effect
the earth rotating faster at the equator than the poles –> air moving from a fast moving region to a slow moving region
global circulation patters are at an angle due to …..
the earth’s rotation
As air moves away from the equator it moves in a _____ direction
curved
draw how air moves away from the equator
see notes
winds blow (clockwise/anticlockwise) around low pressure in the northern hemisphere
anticlockwise
winds blow (clockwise/anticlockwise) around high pressure in the northern hemisphere
clockwise
conservation of angular momentum
air moving away from the equator speeds up as it gets closer to the earth’s spin axis
air moving away from the equator speeds up as it gets closer to the earth’s spin axis
conservation of angular momentum
magnitude of the coriolis force (increases/decreases) towards the poles
increases
subtropical jet streams
some of the strongest winds on earth. sits between the descending branches of Hadley and ferrel cells
some of the strongest winds on earth. sits between the descending branches of Hadley and ferrel cells
subtropical jet streams
draw subtropical jet streams
see notes
polar front jet
sits between the rising branches of polar and ferrel. marks the boundary between cold polar air and warm tropical air
sits between the rising branches of polar and ferrel. marks the boundary between cold polar air and warm tropical air
polar front jet
draw polar front jets
see notes
surface flow of Hadley cells form….
trade winds
as air flows toward the equator, it is deflected towards the (east/west) in both hemispheres, forming _______
west, trade winds
draw trade winds
see notes
draw westerlies
see notes
the earth is tilted at ___ degrees
23.5
coriolis effect creates what natural disaster
hurricanes
draw the prevailing winds of the world
see notes
why are deserts typically found at 30 degrees north and south latitude
because when air rises at the equator, it is full of water vapor. As it cools in the higher altitude, clouds form and then precipitation. As the air moves along, cools, and sinks around 30 degrees latitude, it is now dry - no rain = deserts
how does density determine air movement
warmer, less dense air rises & colder, denser air sinks
how does adiabatic cooling or heating determine air movement
as air rises in the atmosphere its pressure decreases and the air expands = cooling. As air sinks, the pressure increases and the air decreases in volume = heating
how does latent heat release determine air movement
when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water and energy is released
when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water and energy is released
latent heat release
ice/snow has (low/high) albedo
high
water had (low/high) albedo
low
draw the earth’s position in the march equinox
see notes
draw the earth’s position in the December solstice
see notes
draw the earth’s position in the June solstice
see notes
draw the earth’s position in the September equinox
see notes
march equinox
sun directly overhead at the equator and all regions of the earth receive 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. spring begins in the northern hemisphere. fall begins in the Southern Hemisphere
December solstice
northern hemisphere maximally tilted away from the sun and experiences the shortest day of the year. winter begins in the northern hemisphere. summer begins in the Southern Hemisphere
September equinox
the sun is directly overhead at the equator and all regions of the earth receive 12 hours of darkness. fall begins in the northern hemisphere. spiring begins in the southern hemisphere.
June solstice
the northern hemisphere is maximally tilted towards the sun and experiences the longest day of the year. summer begins in the northern hemisphere. winter begins in the Southern Hemisphere.
sun directly overhead at the equator and all regions of the earth receive 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. spring begins in the northern hemisphere. fall begins in the Southern Hemisphere
march equinox
northern hemisphere maximally tilted away from the sun and experiences the shortest day of the year. winter begins in the northern hemisphere. summer begins in the Southern Hemisphere
December solstice
the sun is directly overhead at the equator and all regions of the earth receive 12 hours of darkness. fall begins in the northern hemisphere. spiring begins in the southern hemisphere.
September equinox
the northern hemisphere is maximally tilted towards the sun and experiences the longest day of the year. summer begins in the northern hemisphere. winter begins in the Southern Hemisphere.
June solstice
the sun reaches the greatest height in the sky at solar noon during the (summer/winter/fall/spring) solstice
summer solstice
the earth is closest to the sun during which month
january
draw a rain shadow diagram
see notes
adiabatic heating
as air sinks, the pressure increases and the air decreases in volume = warming
as air sinks, the pressure increases and the air decreases in volume = warming
adiabatic heating
adiabatic cooling
as air rises in the atmosphere, its pressure decreases and the air expands = cooling
as air rises in the atmosphere, its pressure decreases and the air expands = cooling
adiabatic cooling
when air moving inland from the ocean that contains a large amount of water vapor meets the windward side of a mountain range, it rises and begins to experience ______
adiabatic cooling
because water vapor condenses as air cools, clouds form and precipitation falls on the (windward/leeward) side
windward
the cold, dry air then travels to the other side of the mountain range (leeward side), where it descends and experiences high pressures, which causes _______
adiabatic heating
what are ocean currents driven by
driven by a combination of temperature, gravity density, prevailing winds, the coriolis effect, and the location of continents
gyres
the patterns of water circulation. the ocean surface currents rotate in a clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and a counterclockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere
the patterns of water circulation. the ocean surface currents rotate in a clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and a counterclockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere
gyres
the ocean surface currents rotate in a (clockwise/counterclockwise) direction in the northern hemisphere
clockwise
the ocean surface currents rotate in a (clockwise/counterclockwise) direction in the southern hemisphere
counterclockwise
draw a picture of gyres in the northern & southern hemisphere
see notes
as water moves towards the poles, it gets (warmer/colder), and has a (lower/higher) concentration of salt
colder, higher
thermohaline circulation
drives the mixing of surface water and deep water
drives the mixing of surface water and deep water
thermohaline circulation
draw ocean currents
see notes
upwelling
as the surface currents separate from one another, deeper waters rise and replace the water that has moved away
as the surface currents separate from one another, deeper waters rise and replace the water that has moved away
upwelling
surface currents control ___% of ocean movement
10%
deep water currents control ___% of ocean movement
90%
why is thermohaline circulation important
crucial process for moving heat & nutrients across the globe
some of the water that flows from the Gulf of Mexico to the North Atlantic ___________, and what is left behind
freezes or evaporates, salt is left behind
draw a picture of a normal year vs an el Niño year
see notes
el niño (ENSO)
every 3 to 7 years, the interaction of the earth’s atmosphere and ocean cause surface currents in the tropical pacific ocean to reverse direction
el niño vs la niña
el niño –> warm phase of ENSO
la niña –> cold phase of ENSO
el niño - trade winds are (weaker/stronger) than normal
weaker
el niño - (less/more) upwelling of cold water in the east, so (less/more) nutrients for fish
less, less
el niño - pushes rainfall where
further out to sea
el niño - peru & southern US get (less/more) rainfall
more
el niño - Australia & indonesia get (less/more) rainfall
less
el niño - global temperatures (warmer/colder) than usual
warmer
