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Enviro > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

4 characteristics of aquatic biomes

A

Salinity
Flow
Depth/light
Temperature

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2
Q

Salinity

A

The amount of dissolved salt in the water

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3
Q

The amount of dissolved salt in the water

A

Salinity

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4
Q

How is high salinity water formed

A

When rainwater dissolves rocks, releasing minerals into the ocean

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5
Q

Higher salinity is (more/less) dense

A

More

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6
Q

Temperature measures ..

A

The average kinetic energy of water molecules

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7
Q

The average kinetic energy of water molecules

A

Temperature

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8
Q

Availability of light in oceans decreases when …

A

With water depth
You go deeper

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9
Q

Dissolved oxygen

A

The amount of oxygen gas per mL of water

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10
Q

The amount of oxygen gas per mL of water

A

Dissolved oxygen

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11
Q

Where is dissolved oxygen the highest

A

Highest in cold, turbulent water

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12
Q

Where is dissolved oxygen the lowest

A

Lowest in warm, slow water

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13
Q

Ocean nutrients

A

Nitrates and phosphates that runoff from land

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14
Q

Nitrates and phosphates that runoff from land

A

Ocean nutrients

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15
Q

What are ocean nutrients needed for

A

Algae growth

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16
Q

Turbidity

A

Measures water cloudiness, and also increases with soil runoff

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17
Q

Measures water cloudiness, and also increases with soil runoff

A

Turbidity

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18
Q

Four aquatic organisms

A

Plankton
Nekton
Benthos
Decomposers

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19
Q

Plankton

A

Organisms that float with the current

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20
Q

Organisms that float with the current

A

Plankton

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21
Q

Nekton

A

Large, independent swimmers

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22
Q

Large, independent swimmers

A

Nekton

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23
Q

Benthos

A

Bottom-dwellers
Many do not move

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24
Q

Bottom-dwellers
Many do not move

A

Benthos

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25
Q

Decomposers

A

Break down dead organisms and waste, cycling nutrients back into the water

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26
Q

Break down dead organisms and waste, cycling nutrients back into the water

A

Decomposers

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27
Q

Depth/light of aquatic biomes influences …

A

Influences how much sunlight can penetrate and reach plants below the surface for photosynthesis

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28
Q

Influences how much sunlight can penetrate and reach plants below the surface for photosynthesis

A

Depth/light

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29
Q

Flow of aquatic biomes determines …

A

Determines which plants & organisms can survive and how much O2 can dissolve into water

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30
Q

Determines which plants & organisms can survive and how much O2 can dissolve into water

A

Flow

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31
Q

Freshwater ecosystems

A

Rivers, ponds, and lakes with low salinity

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32
Q

Rivers, ponds, and lakes with low salinity

A

Freshwater ecosystems

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33
Q

Where is most of earth’s water located
(3 places)

A

Oceans
Glaciers & ice caps
Lakes

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34
Q

Where is the second most amount of earth’s water located?

A

Groundwater

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35
Q

Littoral zone
& conditions

A

Zone in lakes & ponds nearest the shore
warm, shallow, sunlit waters

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36
Q

Zone in lakes & ponds nearest the shore
warm, shallow, sunlit waters

A

Littoral zone

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37
Q

Waters are (warm/cold) in the littoral zone

A

Warm

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38
Q

Waters are (shallow/deep) in the littoral zone

A

Shallow

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39
Q

Emergent plants

A

Root at the bottom of the lake/pond and pass through the water surface

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40
Q

Root at the bottom of the lake/pond and pass through the water surface

A

Emergent plants

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41
Q

Limnetic zone

A

Zone in a lake/pond with open water area too deep for emergent plants

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42
Q

Zone in a lake/pond with open water area too deep for emergent plants

A

Limnetic zone

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43
Q

Profundal zone

A

Aphotic zone, deep, dark, and cold. Does not support phytoplankton

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44
Q

Does the profundal zone support phytoplankton

A

No

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45
Q

Aphotic zone, deep, dark, and cold. Does not support phytoplankton

A

Profundal zone

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46
Q

The profundal zone is (shallow/deep)

A

Deep

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47
Q

The profundal zone is (light/dark)

A

Dark

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48
Q

The profundal zone is (warm/cold)

A

Cold

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49
Q

Benthic zone

A

Along the bottom of a lake/pond

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50
Q

Along the bottom of a lake/pond

A

Benthic zone

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51
Q

Photic zone

A

Warm and sunlit, supports phytoplankton

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52
Q

Does the photic zone support phytoplankton

A

Yes

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53
Q

The photic zone is (warm/cold)

A

Warm

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54
Q

The photic zone is (sunlit/not sunlit)

A

Sunlit

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55
Q

The profundal zone is (sunlit/not sunlit)

A

Not sunlit

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56
Q

Draw a lake/pond with their zones

A

Littoral zone. Limnetic zone (photic)

                     Profundal zone (aphotic) Benthic zone
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57
Q

Oligotrophic lakes

A

Lakes that have water with very low turbidity. Low nutrient levels with limits algae growth

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58
Q

Lakes that have water with very low turbidity. Low nutrient levels

A

Oligotrophic lakes

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59
Q

Low nutrient levels in lakes limits…

A

Algae growth

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60
Q

Mesotrophic lakes

A

Lakes with medium nutrient levels (NPK)

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61
Q

Lanes with medium nutrient levels (NPK)

A

Mesotrophic lakes

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62
Q

Eutrophic lakes

A

Have water with high turbidity due to high nutrient levels and excessive algae growth

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63
Q

Have water with high turbidity due to high nutrient levels and excessive algae growth

A

Eutrophic lakes

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64
Q

Streams

A

Narrow channels that carry runoff water towards rivers

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65
Q

Narrow channels that carry runoff water towards rivers

A

Streams

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66
Q

Headwaters

A

Start of a river source (runoff)

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67
Q

Start of a river source (runoff)

A

Headwaters

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68
Q

Headwaters
Level of dissolved oxygen (high/low)
Nutrient level (high/low)
Water temperatures
Turbidity (high/low)
Salinity levels

A

High dissolved oxygen
Low nutrients
Cold water temperatures
Low turbidity
No salinity

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69
Q

Transition zone of a river

A

Widens and deepens

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70
Q

Transition zone
(Warmer/colder) than headwaters, (decreased/increased) dissolved oxygen from headwaters, (decreased/increased) nutrient levels from headwaters

A

Warmer
Decreased dissolved oxygen levels
Increased nutrient levels

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71
Q

Floodplains are within the ______ zone

A

Transition zone

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72
Q

Floodplains

A

Plains that regularly flood

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73
Q

Floods deposit __________ dissolved from upstream, increasing __________

A

Soil sediments
Soil nutrient levels

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74
Q

Flood plains are (fertile/infertile)

A

Fertile

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75
Q

Mouth of a river

A

Where the river enters the ocean

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76
Q

Where the river enters the ocean

A

The mouth

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77
Q

The mouth
Level of dissolved oxygen (high/low)
Nutrient level (high/low)
Water temperatures
Turbidity (high/low)
Salinity levels

A

Low dissolved oxygen
High nutrients
Warm water temperatures
High turbidity
Moderate salinity

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78
Q

Wetlands

A

Areas containing soils that are usually waterlogged (completely saturated in water for half of the year)

Soil tends to be oxygen poor due to the lack of air exposure

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79
Q

Areas containing soils that are usually waterlogged

A

Wetlands

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80
Q

Waterlogged

A

Completely saturated in water for half of the year

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81
Q

Completely saturated in water for half of the year

A

Waterlogged

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82
Q

Wetland soil oxygen levels & why

A

Poor due to the lack of air exposure

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83
Q

Marshes

A

low-lying treeless areas

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84
Q

Swamps

A

Low-lying wetlands dominated by trees

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85
Q

low-lying treeless areas

A

Marshes

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86
Q

Low-lying wetlands dominated by trees

A

Swamps

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87
Q

Bogs

A

Floating mats of plant matter that living plants grow on
Slow rates of decomposition result in nutrient-poor water

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88
Q

Floating mats of plant matter that living plants grow on

A

Bogs

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89
Q

Rate of decomposition in nutrient- poor water
(High/low)

A

Slow rates

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90
Q

Mosses found in bogs secrete acid that …

A

Lowers the pH of the water, slowing down decomposition significantly

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91
Q

3 types of wetland organisms

A

Floating
Carnivorous
Emergent

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92
Q

Carnivorous plants

A

Capture & digest insects to increase nitrogen & phosphorus absorption

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93
Q

Capture & digest insects to increase nitrogen & phosphorus absorption

A

Carnivorous plants

94
Q

Estuaries

A

Partially-enclosed bodies of water where fresh water mixed with salty sea water

95
Q

Partially-enclosed bodies of water where fresh water mixed with salty sea water

96
Q

Coastal lagoons

A

Saltwater pools that are separated from the ocean by sandbanks or coral reefs

97
Q

Saltwater pools that are separated from the ocean by sandbanks or coral reefs

A

Coastal lagoons

98
Q

Tidal flats

A

Wetland areas that are continually covered and uncovered by the tides

99
Q

Wetland areas that are continually covered and uncovered by the tides

A

Tidal flats

100
Q

Deltas

A

Landforms at river mouths formed by deposited sediment

101
Q

Landforms at river mouths formed by deposited sediment

102
Q

As rivers reach the ocean, their current (slows down/speeds up)

103
Q

Slow-moving waters (can/cannot) carry as much sediment

104
Q

Where is sediment deposited from the river

A

At the shallow ocean shore

105
Q

Eventually, the sediment expands the coastline and forms _____

A

Landmasses

106
Q

Salt marshes

A

Tidal flats dominated by herbs and grasses

107
Q

Tidal flats dominated by herbs and grasses

A

Salt marshes

108
Q

Seagrass beds

A

Contain submerged plants that resemble grass

109
Q

Contain submerged plants that resemble grass

A

Seagrass beds

110
Q

Mangrove forest

A

Have trees with roots that can filter salt

111
Q

Have trees with roots that can filter salt

A

Mangrove forests

112
Q

Photic zone of oceans

A

Contains sunlight (enough to perform photosynthesis in the topmost layer)

113
Q

Ocean layer

Contains sunlight (enough to perform photosynthesis in the topmost layer)

A

Photic zone

114
Q

Aphotic zone of the ocean

A

Has no sunlight at all

115
Q

Bioluminescent

A

Species that can produce & emit light

116
Q

Species that can produce & emit light

A

Bioluminescent

117
Q

Which layer of the ocean do most bioluminescent species live

A

Aphotic zone

118
Q

Abyssal plain

A

Recieves no light, and all food webs are based around scavenging and decomposition

119
Q

Recieves no light, and all food webs are based around scavenging and decomposition (ocean)

A

Abyssal plain

120
Q

Marine snow

A

Constant flow of detritus (waste/debris) that abyssal plains receive

121
Q

Constant flow of detritus (waste/debris) that abyssal plains receive

A

Marine snow

122
Q

Hydrothermal vents

A

Fissures in the abyssal plain where heated water and minerals are released

123
Q

Fissures in the abyssal plain where heated water and minerals are released

A

Hydrothermal vents

124
Q

Organisms that can generate food from chemicals from hydrothermal vents perform

A

Chemosynthesis

125
Q

Intertidal zone

A

Alternates from submerges during high tide or dry during low tide

126
Q

Alternates from submerges during high tide or dry during low tide

A

Intertidal zone

127
Q

What are tides a result from

A

The gravitational pull of the sun and moon

128
Q

What happens during spring tides

A

The sun and moon’s gravity align, creating the greatest tidal range

129
Q

What happens during neap tides

A

The sun and moon’s gravity are perpendicular, resulting in the smallest tidal range

130
Q

The sun and moon’s gravity are perpendicular, resulting in the smallest tidal range

A

Neap tides

131
Q

The sun and moon’s gravity align, creating the greatest tidal range

A

Spring tides

132
Q

Tidal range

A

The vertical difference between high and low tide

133
Q

The vertical difference between high and low tide

A

Tidal range

134
Q

Rocky shores
Substrate & erosion

A

Substrate is hard & stable
Erosion is slow

135
Q

Sandy shores
Substrate & erosion

A

Substrate is shifting and unstable
Erosion is rapid

136
Q

Zone that contains 90% of the ocean’s biodiversity

A

Coastal zone

137
Q

Coral reefs

A

Ecosystems built on the exoskeletons of coral polyps
Found mostly in warm, shallow, sunlit waters

138
Q

Ecosystems built on the exoskeletons of coral polyps
Found mostly in warm, shallow, sunlit waters

A

Coral reefs

139
Q

Coral is a symbiotic relationship between which two organisms

A

Polyps - build the calcium carbonate exoskeleton
Algae - photosynthesize most of the coral’s food

140
Q

Calcium carbonate does what

A

Its an important sink in the carbon cycle
Helps maintain ocean pH

141
Q

What is coral exoskeleton made out of

A

Calcium carbonate

142
Q

Biogeography

A

The study of distribution of species

143
Q

The study of distribution of species

A

Biogeography

144
Q

Evolution in 4 steps

A

1 variations exist in populations
2 inheritance of traits
3 differential survival and reproduction
4 adaptation - more individuals will have that favorable trait

145
Q

VIDA

A

1 variations exist in populations
2 inheritance of traits
3 differential survival and reproduction
4 adaptation - more individuals will have that favorable trait

146
Q

Decent with modification

A

Each generation will have more individuals with those traits than the previous generation

147
Q

Evolution

A

The change in allele frequencies/gene pool of a population

148
Q

The change in allele frequencies/gene pool of a population

149
Q

Organisms fitness

A

Measures an organism’s reproductive success

150
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

The variety of ecosystems within a given region

151
Q

Species diversity

A

The variety of species in a given ecosystem

152
Q

Genetic diversity

A

The variety of genes within a given species

153
Q

Species richness

A

The number of species in a given area

154
Q

The number of species in a given area

A

Species richness

155
Q

Species evenness

A

The measure of whether a particular ecosystem is numerically dominated by one species or are all represented by similar numbers of individuals

156
Q

The measure of whether a particular ecosystem is numerically dominated by one species or are all represented by similar numbers of individuals

A

Species evenness

157
Q

Darwin’s finches are most famously an example of what

A

Adaptive radiation

158
Q

Evolution by artifical selection

A

When humans determine which individuals breed

159
Q

When humans determine which individuals breed

A

Artificial selection

160
Q

Evolution by natural selection

A

The environment determines which individuals are most likely to survive and reproduce

161
Q

The environment determines which individuals are most likely to survive and reproduce

A

Natural selection

162
Q

Microevolution

A

Evolution below the species level

163
Q

Evolution below the species level

A

Microevolution

164
Q

Macroevolution

A

Evolution which gives rise to new species or new genera, family, class, or phyla

165
Q

Evolution which gives rise to new species or new genera, family, class, or phyla

A

Macroevolution

166
Q

Microevolution studies (small/large) changes in alleles that occur within a population

167
Q

Gene pool

A

Total of all the allele in the population

168
Q

Total of all the allele in the population

169
Q

Alleles

A

Chromosome sections that code for specific proteins traits

170
Q

Chromosome sections that code for specific proteins traits

171
Q

Industrial melanism

A

As the environment changes color/becomes darker, more darker alleles will be present in the organisms population

172
Q

As the environment changes color/becomes darker, more darker alleles will be present in the organisms population

A

Industrial melanism

173
Q

Causes of microevolution

A
  1. Genetic mutations
  2. Gene flow
  3. Nonrandom mating
  4. Genetic drift
174
Q

Polymorphism

A

Two or more distinct phenotypes
Blood types, eye color

175
Q

Relative fitness

A

Some mutations may at first appear harmful, but give an advantage if the environment changes

176
Q

Some mutations may at first appear harmful, but give an advantage if the environment changes

A

Relative fitness

177
Q

Gene flow in terms of evolution

A

Movement of alleles among populations increases variation
Can prevent speciation from occurring
Can create subspecies

178
Q

Speciation

A

The splitting of one species into two or more species

179
Q

Nonrandom mating

A

Individuals choose their mates

180
Q

Assortative mating

A

Occurs when individuals mate with those that have the same phenotype

181
Q

Occurs when individuals mate with those that have the same phenotype

A

Assortative mating

182
Q

Sexual selection

A

Occurs when males compete for the right to reproduce and the female selects males of a particular phenotype

183
Q

Occurs when males compete for the right to reproduce and the female selects males of a particular phenotype

A

Sexual selection

184
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

When makes and females of a species look different

185
Q

When makes and females of a species look different

A

Sexual dimorphism

186
Q

Kin selection

A

The evolution strategy that favors the reproductive success of an organism’s relatives, even at a cost to the organism’s own survival and reproduction
(Weighs the success of its relatives greater than its own success)
altruism

187
Q

The evolution strategy that favors the reproductive success of an organism’s relatives, even at a cost to the organism’s own survival and reproduction

A

Kin selection/altruism

188
Q

Genetic drift

A

Changes in allele frequencies due to chance

189
Q

Changes in allele frequencies due to chance

A

Genetic drift

190
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Caused by a severe reduction in population, reduces overall diversity

191
Q

Caused by a severe reduction in population, reduces overall diversity

A

Bottleneck effect

192
Q

Founder effect

A

Example of genetic drift where rare alleles or comhinations occur in higher frequency in a populaton isolated from the general population
(Ex. Dwarfism in amish communities)

193
Q

Example of genetic drift where rare alleles or comhinations occur in higher frequency in a populaton isolated from the general population

A

Founder effect

194
Q

Two types of genetic drift

A
  1. Bottleneck effect
  2. Founder effect
195
Q

The splitting of one species into two or more species

A

Speciation

196
Q

Flycatcher species

A

All live in similar areas yet remain distinct species

197
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

One ancestral species branches into many, each occupying a different NICHE

198
Q

One ancestral species branches into many, each occupying a different NICHE

A

Adaptive radiation

199
Q

5 types of reproductive isolation

A

Habitat isolation
Temporal isolation
Behavioral isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gamete isolation

200
Q

Habitat isolation

A

Living in different places

201
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Breeding at different times

202
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Mating, courtship behaviors

203
Q

Mechanical & gamete isolation

A

Anatomy & egg/sperm problems

204
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Populations separated geographically

205
Q

Populations separated geographically

A

Allopatric speciation

206
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

When members of a population develop differences without geographic isolation

207
Q

When members of a population develop differences without geographic isolation

A

Sympatric speciation

208
Q

Gradual speciation

A

Slow change, small steps

209
Q

Speciation with slow change & small steps

A

Gradual speciation

210
Q

Speciation with rapid change due to a major environmental disruption

A

Punctuated equilibrium

211
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Speciation with rapid change due to a major environmental disruption

212
Q

Periodic
Examples

A

Dry-wet seasons

213
Q

Episodic
examples

A

Hurricanes, droughts, fires

214
Q

Random
Examples

A

Volcanoes, earthquakes, asteroids

215
Q

primary succession

A

Soil/community is formed (volcano)

216
Q

Soil/community is formed (volcano)

A

Primary succession

217
Q

Secondary succession

A

Community previously established, destroyed, then rebuilt

218
Q

Community previously established, destroyed, then rebuilt

A

Secondary succession

219
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

Ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels

220
Q

Ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels

A

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

221
Q

Provisioning

A

Goods taken directly from ecosystems of made from natural resources (wood, paper, food)

222
Q

Goods taken directly from ecosystems of made from natural resources (wood, paper, food)

A

Provisioning

223
Q

regulating

A

Natural ecosystems regulate climate/air quality, reducing damage and healthcare costs

224
Q

Natural ecosystems regulate climate/air quality, reducing damage and healthcare costs

A

Regulating

225
Q

Supporting

A

Natural ecosystems support processes we do ourselves, making them cheaper and easier (bees pollinate crops)

226
Q

Natural ecosystems support processes we do ourselves, making them cheaper and easier (bees pollinate crops)

A

Supporting

227
Q

Cultural

A

Money generate by recreation (Parks, camping, tours) or scientific knowledge

228
Q

Money generate by recreation (Parks, camping, tours) or scientific knowledge

229
Q

Examples of provisioning ecosystem services

A

Fish
hunting animals
lumber
naturally grown foods, like berries, seeds, wild grains, honey
paper
medicine
rubber

230
Q

Examples of regulating ecosystem services

A

Trees in a forest store, CO2
trees filter air pollutants

231
Q

Examples for supporting ecosystem services

A

Wetland plant roots filter pollutants for groundwater
bees and insects pollinate our crops

232
Q

Cultural examples of cultural ecosystem services

A

Landscapes
fisherman paying for fishing licenses
scientists learning about plant compounds

Enviro (8 decks)

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