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Enviro > Unit 4? > Flashcards

Unit 4? Flashcards

1
Q

Specialists

A

Smaller range of tolerance, or narrower ecological niche makes them more prone to extinction
-specific food requirements
-less ability to adapt to new conditions

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2
Q

Smaller range of tolerance, or narrower ecological niche makes them more prone to extinction
-specific food requirements
-less ability to adapt to new conditions

A

Specialists

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3
Q

Generalists

A

Larger range of tolerance, broader niche makes them less prone to extinction & more likely to be invasive
-broad food requirements
-high adaptability

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4
Q

Larger range of tolerance, broader niche makes them less prone to extinction & more likely to be invasive
-broad food requirements
-high adaptability

A

Generalists

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5
Q

Who is more prone to extinction: specialists or generalists

A

Specialists

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6
Q

Who is less able to adapt to new conditions: specialists or generalists

A

Specialists

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7
Q

K-selected

A

“Quality”
-few offspring, heavy parental care
-usually reproduce many times
-long lifespan, long time to sexual maturity = low biotic potential = slow population growth rate
-more likely to be distorted by environmental changes or invasives

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8
Q

“Quality”
-few offspring, heavy parental care
-usually reproduce many times
-long lifespan, long time to sexual maturity = low biotic potential = slow population growth rate
-more likely to be distorted by environmental changes or invasives

A

K-selected

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9
Q

R-selected

A

“Quantity”
-many offspring, little to no care
-many reproduce only once
-shorter lifespan, quick to sexual maturity = high biotic potential = high population growth rate
-more likely to be invasive
-better suited for rapidly changing environmental conditions

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10
Q

“Quantity”
-many offspring, little to no care
-many reproduce only once
-shorter lifespan, quick to sexual maturity = high biotic potential = high population growth rate
-more likely to be invasive
-better suited for rapidly changing environmental conditions

A

R-selected

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11
Q

Few offspring - R or K selected

A

K

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12
Q

Usually reproduce only once - R or K selected

A

R

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13
Q

Long lifespan - R or K selected

A

K

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14
Q

High biotic potential - R or K selected

A

R

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15
Q

More likely to be invasive - R or K selected

A

R

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16
Q

More likely to be disrupted by env. change or invasives - R or K selected

A

K

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17
Q

Life span for K and R selected species

A

K: long
R: short

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18
Q

Time to reproductive maturity for K and R selected species

A

K: long
R: short

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19
Q

Number of reproductive events for K and R selected species

A

K: few
R: many

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20
Q

Number of offspring for K and R selected species

A

K: few
R: many

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21
Q

Size of offspring for K and R selected species

A

K: large
R: small

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22
Q

Parental care for K and R selected species

A

K: present
R: absent

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23
Q

Population growth rate for K and R selected species

A

K: slow
R: fast

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24
Q

Type 1 survivorship is mostly (R/K) selected

A

K

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25
Q

Type 2 survivorship is mostly (R/K) selected

A

In between

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26
Q

Type 3 survivorship is mostly (R/K) selected

A

R

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27
Q

Type 1 survivorship

A

(Mostly k-selected)
-high survivorship early in life due to high parental care
-high survivorship in mid life due to large size & defensive behavior
-rapid decrease in survivorship in late life as old age sets in

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28
Q

(Mostly k-selected)
-high survivorship early in life due to high parental care
-high survivorship in mid life due to large size & defensive behavior
-rapid decrease in survivorship in late life as old age sets in

A

Type 1 survivorship

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29
Q

Type 2 survivorship

A

Steadily decreasing survivorship throughout life

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30
Q

Steadily decreasing survivorship throughout life

A

Type 2 survivorship

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31
Q

Type 3 survivorship

A

(Mostly R-selected)
-high mortality (low survivorship) early in life due to little to no parental care
-few make it to midlife; slow, steady decline in survivorship in mid life
-even fewer make it to adulthood; slow decline in survivorship in old age

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32
Q

(Mostly R-selected)
-high mortality (low survivorship) early in life due to little to no parental care
-few make it to midlife; slow, steady decline in survivorship in mid life
-even fewer make it to adulthood; slow decline in survivorship in old age

A

Type 3 survivorship

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33
Q

What type of survivorship is the top line of the graph and what does it look like/ what is it

A

Type 1

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34
Q

What type of survivorship is the middle line of the graph and what does it look like/ what is it

A

Type 2

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35
Q

What type of survivorship is the bottom line of the graph and what does it look like/ what is it

A

Type 3

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36
Q

Resistance

A

The capacity to handle a disturbance without loss

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37
Q

The capacity to handle a disturbance without loss

A

Resistance

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38
Q

Resilience

A

The capacity to recover from a disturbance

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39
Q

The capacity to recover from a disturbance

A

Resilience

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40
Q

Whats the current mass extinction called

A

Anthropocene

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41
Q

Anthropocene

A

Current mass extinction (6th)

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42
Q

HIPPCO

A

Habitat destruction/fragmentation
Invasives
Pollution
Population growth
Climate change
Over consumption

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43
Q

Inbreeding

A

Occurs when individuals with similar genotypes, generally relatives, breed with each other

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44
Q

Occurs when individuals with similar genotypes, generally relatives, breed with each other

A

Inbreeding

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45
Q

Edge habitat

A

The area where two ecosystems come together and have different characteristics than the middle if each ecosystem

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46
Q

The area where two ecosystems come together and have different characteristics than the middle if each ecosystem

A

Edge habitat

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47
Q

Biodiversity is (lower/higher) in edge habitats & why

A

Higher. More diversity of food, shelter, and nutrient resources

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48
Q

Smaller subpopulations have (more/less) genetic diversity, are (more/less) probe to inbreeding depression, and are (more/less) resilient to environmental disturbances or diseases

A

Less, more, less

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49
Q

Metapopulations

A

Mostly isolated subpopulations connected by habitat corridors

This allows some gene flow and improves genetic diversity

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50
Q

Habitat corridors

A

Connect isolated sections of habitat to allow species movement between habitats

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51
Q

Connect isolated sections of habitat to allow species movement between habitats

A

Habitat corridors

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52
Q

Mostly isolated subpopulations connected by habitat corridors

This allows some gene flow and improves genetic diversity

A

Metapopulations

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53
Q

What do habitat corridors improve

A

Genetic diversity bc it allows gene flow (mating between populations)

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54
Q

The average home today uses lumber from 50 trees. If homes could be built half the size and there are 400,000 new homes built annually, how many trees could be saved?

A

50 x 400,000 = 20,000,000 trees
20,000,000/2 = 10,000,000 trees saved

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55
Q

Biosphere reserves

A

Protected areas consisting of zones that vary in the amount of permissive human impact

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56
Q

Protected areas consisting of zones that vary in the amount of permissive human impact

A

Biosphere reserves

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57
Q

Pros of habitat corridors

A

Extend range, increase habitat, allow animals to escape undesirable conditions, increase mating opportunities

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58
Q

Cons of habitat corridors

A

Diseases, pests and invasives can spread easily, may increase contact with humans, risk of predation along corridors

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59
Q

Lacey act

A

Controls the trade of wildlife
Prohibited the transport of illegally harvested animals across state lines

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60
Q

Endangered species act

A

Authorizes the U.S fish and wildlife service to determine which species can be listed as threatened or endangered and prohibits the harming of these species. Trading these species is also illegal. Authorizes the government to purchase habitat that is critical to the species.

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61
Q

CITES (convention on international trade in endangered species)

A

Developed to control the international trade of threatened plants and animals

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62
Q

Marine mammal protection act

A

Prohibits the killing of all marine mammals in the U.S. and prohibits the import or export of any marine mammal body part

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63
Q

Charismatic megafauna

A

Large animal species with widespread popular appeal, which are often used by environmental activists to achieve environmental goals

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64
Q

Large animal species with widespread popular appeal, which are often used by environmental activists to achieve environmental goals

A

Charismatic megafauna

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65
Q

Demography

A

Statistical study of population dynamics

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66
Q

Population size unit

A

N

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67
Q

Population size vs population density

A

Population size - total number of individuals
Population density - the number of individuals in an area

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68
Q

Random sampling

A

Marking off an area and counting the number of individuals in that area

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69
Q

Marking off an area and counting the number of individuals in that area

A

Random sampling

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70
Q

Mark and recapture

A

Marking a sample of captured animals and then releasing them. These animals are later recaptured and the number of animals marked are compared to recaptures that arent marked

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71
Q

Marking a sample of captured animals and then releasing them. These animals are later recaptured and the number of animals marked are compared to recaptures that arent marked

A

Mark and recapture

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72
Q

The three dispersion patterns

A

Uniform
Random
Clumped

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73
Q

In 1979 the estimated elephant population was 1.3 million and in 2007 it was 640,000. By approximately what percentage did the elephant population decline over this time period?

A

Original value: 1,300,000
2007 value: 640,000
1,300,000-640,000 = 660,000
660,000/1.3 million = 0.51
51%

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74
Q

Specialists

A

Smaller range of tolerance, or narrower ecological niche
-specific food requirements
-less ability to adapt to new conditions
(Makes them more prone to extinction)

75
Q

Smaller range of tolerance, or narrower ecological niche
-specific food requirements
-less ability to adapt to new conditions
(Makes them more prone to extinction)

A

Specialists

76
Q

Generalists

A

Larger range of tolerance, broader niche makes them less prone to extinction & more likely to be invasive
-broader food requirements
-high adaptability

77
Q

Larger range of tolerance, broader niche makes them less prone to extinction & more likely to be invasive
-broader food requirements
-high adaptability

A

Generalists

78
Q

Three factors that determine how much a population will change

A

Births
Deaths
Migration

79
Q

Population change unit

A

r

80
Q

Population change equation

A

Population change (r) = (births-deaths) + (immigrants - emigrants)

81
Q

Biotic potential

A

Maximum rate at which a population could grow given optimal conditions (food, water, space)

82
Q

Maximum rate at which a population could grow given optimal conditions (food, water, space)

A

Biotic potential

83
Q

Factors that influence biotic potential

A

Age of reproduction
Frequency of reproduction
Number of offspring produced
Reproductive life span
Average death rate under ideal conditions

84
Q

Life tables

A

Divide the population into age groups and often sexes, and show how long a member of that group is likely to live

85
Q

Divide the population into age groups and often sexes, and show how long a member of that group is likely to live

A

Life tables

86
Q

Mortality

A

Probability of an individual dying (life expectancy)

87
Q

Mortality rate equation

A

(Number of individuals dying/ number of individuals surviving) x 1000

88
Q

Farmer finko has 200 sheep, which include 14 lambs born this season. When she goes out to the barn, she finds that 4 of the lambs have died and 1 mother sheep has died. What is the mortality rate of her sheep population?

A

5/195 x 1000 = 25
Mortality rate: 25

89
Q

Exponential growth represents

A

Biotic potential

90
Q

Logistic growth represents

A

Carrying capacity due to limiting factors

91
Q

What limits population growth

A

Competition for resources

92
Q

Density dependent factors

A

Factors that influence population growth based on size

As a population becomes more dense, the greater the mortality rate (disease, competition, parasites)

93
Q

Density independent factors

A

Factors that cause death that arent related to density
(Natural disasters)

94
Q

R or K: small size

A

R

95
Q

R or K: energy used to make offspring is high

A

K

96
Q

R or K: many offspring are produced

A

R

97
Q

R or K: early maturing

A

R

98
Q

R or K: long life expectancy

A

K

99
Q

R or K: each individual reproduces once or more

A

K

100
Q

R or K: high competition for resources

A

K

101
Q

R or K: more affected by invasive species

A

K

102
Q

R or K: large size

A

K

103
Q

R or K: energy used to make offspring is low

A

R

104
Q

R or K: few offspring are produced

A

K

105
Q

R or K: late maturity

A

K

106
Q

R or K: short life expectancy

A

R

107
Q

R or K: each individual reproduces ONCE

A

R

108
Q

R or K: low competition for resources

A

R

109
Q

R or K: less affected by invasive species

A

R

110
Q

Carrying capacity unit

A

K

111
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Highest pop. size an ecosystem can support based on limiting resources:
-food
-water
-habitat

112
Q

Overshoot

A

When a population briefly exceeds carrying capacity

113
Q

When a population briefly exceeds carrying capacity

A

Overshoot

114
Q

Consequence of overshoot

A

Resource depletion

115
Q

Die-off

A

Sharp decrease in pop. size when resource depletion (overshoot) leads to many individuals dying

116
Q

Sharp decrease in pop. size when resource depletion (overshoot) leads to many individuals dying

A

Die-off

117
Q

Size unit

A

N

118
Q

Larger size = (safer/not safer) from pop. decline

A

Safer

119
Q

Higher density, (lower/higher) competition

A

Higher

120
Q

Distribution

A

How individuals in a population are spaced out compared to each other

121
Q

How individuals in a population are spaced out compared to each other

A

Distribution

122
Q

What two factors can lead to a skewed sex ratio

A

Die-off or bottleneck effect

123
Q

Population size equation

A

(Immigrations + births) - (emigrations + deaths)

124
Q

Expanding rapidly life pyramid

A

check notebook

125
Q

Expanding slowly life pyramid

A

Check notebook

126
Q

Stable life pyramid

A

Check notebook

127
Q

Declining life pyramid

A

Check notebook

128
Q

Total fertility rate

A

Average number of children a woman in a population will bear throughout her lifetime

129
Q

What does TFR stand for

A

Total fertility rate

130
Q

What does higher TFR =

A

Higher birth rate, higher population growth

131
Q

Replacement level fertility

A

The TFR required to offset deaths in a population and keep population size stable

132
Q

The TFR required to offset deaths in a population and keep population size stable

A

Replacement level fertility

133
Q

Average number of children a woman in a population will bear throughout her lifetime

A

Total fertility rate

134
Q

Replacement level fertility is (lower/higher) in less developed countries & why

A

Less due to higher infant mortality

135
Q

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

A

Number of deaths of children under 1 year per 1,000 people in a population

136
Q

Number of deaths of children under 1 year per 1,000 people in a population

A

Infant mortality rate

137
Q

What does IMR stand for

A

Infant mortality rate

138
Q

Infant mortality rate is (lower/higher) in less developed countries & why

A

Higher due to lack of access to healthcare, clean water, enough food

139
Q

Higher IMR = (higher/lower) TFR

A

higher

140
Q

Affluence

A

Having more money

141
Q

More developed, or wealthy nations have a (lower/higher) TFR than less developed nations

A

Lower

142
Q

Lower IMR = (lower/higher) TFR

A

lower

143
Q

Malthusian theory

A

-Earth has a human carrying capacity, probably based on food production
-human population growth is happening faster than growth of food production
-humans will reach a carrying capacity limited by food
-humans can alter earth’s carrying capacity with technological innovation

144
Q

Growth rate unit

A

R

145
Q

What does CBR stand for

A

Crude birth rate

146
Q

Hat does CDR stand for

A

Crude death rate

147
Q

Crude birth rate

A

Births per 1,000 people in a population

148
Q

Crude death rate

A

Deaths per 1,000 people in a population

149
Q

Global population growth rate equation

A

(CBR-CDR)/10

150
Q

Rule of 70

A

The time it takes (in years) for a population to double is equal to 70 divided by the growth rate

151
Q

When will the global population double if the global growth rate is 1.2%

A

70/1.2 = 58.3
58.3 years

152
Q

A country has a CDR of 9 and a CBR of 18. Calculate the annual growth rate and the doubling time

A

(18-9)/10 = 9/10 = 0.9%
70/0.9 = 77.77 years

153
Q

Gross domestic product (GDP)

A

Total value of the goods & services produced

154
Q

Total value of the goods & services produced

A

Gross domestic product (GDP)

155
Q

Population density equation

A

(Population/area)

156
Q

Birth rate equation

A

(Births/total population) x 100

157
Q

Death rate equation

A

(Deaths/total population) x 100

158
Q

Crude growth rate (r) equation

A

[(Births-deaths)/total population] x 100

159
Q

Growth rate with migration factored equation

A

[(Births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)] / total population

160
Q

Double time of a population equation

A

70%/r(percentage)
r= growth rate

161
Q

Total fertility rate

A

Average # of babies a woman has in her lifetime

162
Q

Total fertility rate highest and lowest where

A

Highest in developing countries
Lowest in developed countries

163
Q

Replacement level fertility

A

How many children a woman needs to have to replace her and her spouse

164
Q

Examples of density dependent factors

A

Competition
Predation
Parasitism

165
Q

Examples of density independent factors

A

Weather
Climate
volcanoes
Fires
Floods

166
Q

Factors affecting death rate

A

-Availability/affordability of health care
-availability of food
-weather, volcanoes, floods
-safe water supplies

167
Q

Two overall indicators of a populations health

A

1) life expectancy
2) infant mortality

168
Q

The unit, (K) represents

A

Carrying capacity

169
Q

Demography

A

The study of population characteristics through data collection and interpretation

170
Q

The study of population characteristics through data collection and interpretation

A

Demography

171
Q

Age structure

A

The breakdown of people in each age group at a given time

172
Q

The breakdown of people in each age group at a given time

A

Age structure

173
Q

Cohort

A

Group of people

174
Q

CBR

A

crude birth rate
# of births per 1000, per year

175
Q

CDR

A

crude death rate
# of deaths per 1000, per year

176
Q

Global population growth rate equation

A

(CBR-CDR)/10

177
Q

National population growth rate % equation

A

[(CBR + immigration) - (CDR + emmigration)] / 10

178
Q

Net migration rate equation

A

(Immigration - emigration)/1000

179
Q

What was malthus’ conclusion

A

Humans works eventually be unable to produce food to sustain themselves

180
Q

Stage 1 of an age structure diagram

A

Rapid growth

181
Q

Stage 2 of an age structure diagram

A

Slow growth

182
Q

Stage 3 of an age structure diagram

A

Stable

183
Q

Stage 1 of an age structure diagram

A

Shrinking

Enviro (8 decks)

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