Unit 0 Flashcards
Utilitarian
Assign value to the environment as a function of its economic or survival benefits or humans — the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people
Assign value to the environment as a function of its economic or survival benefits or humans — the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people
Utilitarian
Ecological
Emphasize the value of community life-support function over direct individual benefits
Emphasize the value of community life-support function over direct individual benefits
Ecological
Aesthetic
Based on human appreciation of natural beauty
Based on human appreciation of natural beauty
Aesthetic
Moral
assign rights to natural entities such as individuals, species, or ecosystems
Anthropocentric
Planetary management
Nature meant to serve us
World view: Nature meant to serve us
Anthropocentric
Another name for anthropocentric
Planetary management
Another name for planetary management
Anthropocentric
Biocentric
Stewardship/conservationist
Conservation, life making sure we dont run out of resources
Another word for biocentric
Stewardship/conservationist
Another word for Stewardship/conservationist
Biocentric
World view: Conservation, life making sure we dont run out of resources
Biocentric
Ecocentric
Environmental wisdom/preservationist
Dependent on nature, exists for all species, living things in its nature
Another name for ecocentric
Environmental wisdom/preservationist
Another name for Environmental wisdom/preservationist
Ecocentric
World view: Dependent on nature, exists for all species, living things in its nature
Ecocentric
Regulating
& two examples
Benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes
Air quality, climate, water runoff, erosion, natural hazards, pollination
Benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes
Regulating
Supporting
& two examples
Processes that sustain basic life forms, ecosystems, and people
Nutrient cycling, water cycling, soil formation, photosynthesis
Processes that sustain basic life forms, ecosystems, and people
Supporting
Provisional
& two examples
Types of materials extracted from nature to benefit people
Food, fiber, biomass fuel, freshwater, natural medicines
Types of materials extracted from nature to benefit people
Provisional
Cultural
Non-material benefit, contributes to advancements of people, builds knowledge, spreads ideas & creativity
Ethnic values, existence values, recreation & ecotourism
Non-material benefit, contributes to advancements of people, builds knowledge, spreads ideas & creativity
Cultural
Ecosystem services
Environments provide life supporting services such as clean water, timber, fisheries, crops
Environments provide life supporting services such as clean water, timber, fisheries, crops
Ecosystem services
Environmental indicators
Describe the current state of the environment
They describe the current state of the environment
Environmental indicators
Sustainability
Living on earth in a way that allows us to use its resources without depriving future generations of those resources
Living on earth in a way that allows us to use its resources without depriving future generations of those resources
Sustainability
Conservationists
Believe that we need to conserve nature and maintain it. The government should set strict regulations on the amount of resources extracted and how those resources are extracted
(Biocentric)
Believe that we need to conserve nature and maintain it. The government should set strict regulations on the amount of resources extracted and how those resources are extracted
Conservationists
What world view do conservationists have
Biocentric
Preservationists
Believe that the natural world should not be touched at all
(Ecocentric)
Believe that the natural world should not be touched at all
Preservationists
What world view do preservationists have
Ecocentric
Write down the 7 steps to making a mind map
- Start in the center
- Use an image/picture for central idea
- Use colors
- Connect main branches to central image & second branches to first level
- Make branches curved
- One key word per line
- Use images
Mind map: why do you start in the center
The center gives the brain freedom to spread out in all directions
Mind map: why do you use an image or picture for central idea
Image is worth a thousand words & keeps you focused
Mind map: why do you add colors
It adds life & creativity
Mind map: why do you connect the main branches to the central image & the second branches to the first level
Because the brain works by association
Mind map: why do we make the branches curved
Straight lines are boring to the brain
Mind map: why do we use one key word per line
Single words make the map more powerful & allows brain flexibility
Garret Hardin
Wrote about the tragedy of the commons
“Freedom in all commons brings ruin to all”
Wrote about the tragedy of the commons
“Freedom in all commons brings ruin to all”
Garret Hardin
John Muir
“Father of national parks”
Founder of sierra club
“When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world”
“Father of national parks”
Founder of sierra club
“When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world”
John muir
Who said “When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world”
John Muir
Who said “freedom to all commons beings ruin to all”
Garret Hardin
E.O Wilson
Studied ants & applied this study to better understand human interactions, credited for theory of island biogeography
“Humanity is part of nature, a species that evolved among other species…”
Who said “Humanity is part of nature, a species that evolved among other species…”
E.O. Wilson
Studied ants & applied this study to better understand human interactions, credited for theory of island biogeography
“Humanity is part of nature, a species that evolved among other species…”
E.O Wilson
Elinor Ostrom
Argued against tragedy of the commons, documented cases where the destruction of a commons has been avoided
“Little by little, bit by bit, family by family, so much good can be done on so many levels”
Argued against tragedy of the commons, documented cases where the destruction of a commons has been avoided
“Little by little, bit by bit, family by family, so much good can be done on so many levels”
Elinor Ostrom
Who said “Little by little, bit by bit, family by family, so much good can be done on so many levels”
Elinor Ostrom
Aldo Leopold
Wrote A Sound County Almanac (collection of essays of a sustainable relationship between humans and nature)
“Ethical behavior is doing the right thing when no one else is watching - even when doing the wrong thing is legal”
Wrote A Sound County Almanac (collection of essays of a sustainable relationship between humans and nature)
“Ethical behavior is doing the right thing when no one else is watching - even when doing the wrong thing is legal”
Aldo Leopold
Who said “Ethical behavior is doing the right thing when no one else is watching - even when doing the wrong thing is legal”
Aldo Leopold
Jane Goodhall
Studied chimpanzees, works on animal conservation
“Every individual matters. Every individual has a role to play. Every individual makes a difference.”
Studied chimpanzees, works on animal conservation
“Every individual matters. Every individual has a role to play. Every individual makes a difference.”
Jane Goodhall
Who said “Every individual matters. Every individual has a role to play. Every individual makes a difference.”
Jane Goodhall
Rachel Carson
Wrote Silent Spring which led to the better understanding of the hazards of chemical pesticides
“But man is a part of nature, and his war against nature is inevitably a war against himself”
Wrote Silent Spring which led to the better understanding of the hazards of chemical pesticides
“But man is a part of nature, and his war against nature is inevitably a war against himself”
Rachel Carson
Who said “But man is a part of nature, and his war against nature is inevitably a war against himself”
Rachel Carson
Who wrote the book Silent Spring
Rachel Carson
Who argued against the tragedy of the commons
Elinor Ostrom
Four categories of ecosystem services
Regulating, supporting, provisional, cultural
Sylvia Earle
Dived into the ocean floor & set a woman’s depth record
“we are now facing paradise lost.”
“No water, no life. No blue, no green.”
Dived into the ocean floor & set a woman’s depth record
“we are now facing paradise lost.”
“No water, no life. No blue, no green.”
Sylvia Earle
Who said “we are now facing paradise lost.” “No water, no life. No blue, no green.”
Sylvia Earle
Tragedy of the commons
When the short term, positive effects go to the individual, while the long-term negative effects are spread out to the group
When the short term, positive effects go to the individual, while the long-term negative effects are spread out to the group
Tragedy of the commons
Examples of tragedy of the commons
Overfishing
Overconsumption
Who discovered the tragedy of the commons and who wrote about it
William forster lloyd discovered it
Garret Hardin wrote about it
Willaim forser lloyd
Discovered the tragedy of the commons
Five global indicators
definition and list
Indicates how well an ecosystem is doing
1. Biological diversity
2. Food production
3. Temperature & CO2 concentration
4. Human population
5. Resource depletion
Jared Diamond’s hypothesis for easter island
Destruction of the island’s environment led to the population loss
Hunt & Leo’s hypothesis on Easter Island
Rats introduced to the island had no predators & ate tree seeds which led to less natural resources and killed off the population
Phenology
Study of the timing of natural events
Migration, budding, hibernation
Study of the timing of natural events
Phenology
What does the terrestrial chamber mimic (ecocolumn)
Land
What is the sprinkler used for (ecocolumn)
To gently water seeds & saplings
What are plant legumes used for (ecocolumn)
To demonstrate the nitrogen cycle
Why do we add insects (ecocolumn)
To break down decomposing matter into nutrients (NPK)
Why do we add leaf litter (ecocolumn)
For food & hiding place for insects, nutrients for soul once they decompose, to prevent water loss
What is the filter chamber for (ecocolumn)
To clean water from the terrestrial chamber to the aquatic chamber
What does the filter chamber mimic in nature (ecocolumn)
Where sand and gravel clean water from pollutants & water treatment plants where we run water through sand to capture pollutants
What is the gravel under the filter chamber for (ecocolumn)
To help with drainage
What does the aquatic chamber mimic in nature (ecocolumn)
A pondn
What are the flaps of the aquatic chamber used for (ecocolumn)
To allow air flow so that oxygen can dissolve
Why do we add plants to the aquatic chamber (ecocolumn)
To add dissolved oxygen, take in ammonia & nitrates from fish waste, provide food for fish
What are the Harvard forest study codes for leaves
1-4 (no change - change)
Biodiversity
The variety of life in the world or a particular ecosystem
What is the concentration of co2 in the atmosphere
400ppm
4 examples of non renewable resources
Oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear energy
5 examples of renewable resources
Biomass energy, hydropower, geothermal power, wind energy, solar energy
The developed nations of the world, which is roughly ___% of the world’s population consumes _______ of the world’s energy
17%
More than half
Sustainable development
& example
Development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Solar energy, crop rotation, green spaces
Constant
Values that do not change either during or between experiments
Values that do not change either during or between experiments
Constant
Control group
Used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship by isolating the effect of an independent variable
Used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship by isolating the effect of an independent variable
Control group
Independent variable
Variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure
Variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Variable whose value depends upon independent variables
Variable whose value depends upon independent variables
Dependent variable
Replication
When an experiment is repeated and the results from the original is reproduced
When an experiment is repeated and the results from the original is reproduced
Replication
Gross domestic product (GDP)
value of goods and services produced per person per year
value of goods and services produced per person per year
gross domestic product (GDP)
Total fertility rate
Number of children born to an average woman over her lifetime
Number of children born to an average woman over her lifetime
Total fertility rate
Ecological footprint
A measure of how much an individual consumes, expressed in an area of land
A measure of how much an individual consumes, expressed in an area of land
Ecological footprint
Natural casualty
All science that assumes that observations have a natural cause (excludes supernatural phenomenon)
All science that assumes that observations have a natural cause (excludes supernatural phenomenon)
Natural casualty
