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Enviro > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Key elements we need

A

carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur

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2
Q

Source

A

Release the element

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3
Q

________ Release the element

A

Sources

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4
Q

Sinks

A

Absorb the element

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5
Q

______ Absorb the element

A

Sinks

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6
Q

Evaporation

A

Water turns from liquid to gas (vapor)

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7
Q

Water turns from liquid to gas (vapor)

A

Evaporation

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8
Q

Transpiration

A

Water traveling up through plants and out of leaves as vapor

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9
Q

Water traveling up through plants and out of leaves as vapor

A

Transpiration

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10
Q

Condensation

A

Water vapor creates clouds in the atmosphere

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11
Q

Water vapor creates clouds in the atmosphere

A

Condensation

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12
Q

Precipitation

A

Water falling from the atmosphere to land via rain, snow, ice

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13
Q

Water falling from the atmosphere to land via rain, snow, ice

A

Precipitation

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14
Q

Runoff

A

The path precipitation takes to streams, rivers, lakes, and the ocean

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15
Q

The path precipitation takes to streams, rivers, lakes, and the ocean

A

Runoff

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16
Q

Seepage

A

Water that soaks into the ground

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17
Q

Water that soaks into the ground

A

Seepage

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18
Q

Groundwater/aquifier

A

Water stored underground.

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19
Q

Another word for groundwater

A

Aquifier

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20
Q

Largest reservoir of the water cycle

A

The ocean

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21
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

Water vapor cools and becomes liquid water

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22
Q

Water vapor cools and becomes liquid water

A

Evapotranspiration

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23
Q

Uptake

A

Plants absorb water through their roots

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24
Q

Plants absorbing water through their roots

A

Uptake

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25
Q

Infiltration

A

Water seeps down through the soil

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26
Q

Water seeping down through the soil

A

Infiltration

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27
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Producers take in CO2 from the atmosphere and create organic compounds such as sugars

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28
Q

Producers take in CO2 from the atmosphere and create organic compounds such as sugars

A

Photosynthesis

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29
Q

Cellular respiration

A

producers and consumers digest compounds and release CO2

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30
Q

producers and consumers digest compounds and release CO2

A

cellular respiration

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31
Q

Deforestation

A

Prevents carbon from being hidden and stored in trees. If trees are burned, carbon enters the atmosphere.

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32
Q

Prevents carbon from being hidden and stored in trees. If trees are burned, carbon enters the atmosphere.

A

Deforestation

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33
Q

Burning fossil fuels

A

Stored carbon from ancient living things. Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) returns carbon to the atmosphere

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34
Q

Stored carbon from ancient living things. Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) returns carbon to the atmosphere

A

Burning fossil fuels

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35
Q

Ocean acidification

A

Excess CO2 is absorbed by ocean water and creates carbonic acid. This lowers water pH and dissolves the shells of species, such as coral and muscles.

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36
Q

Excess CO2 is absorbed by ocean water and creates carbonic acid. This lowers water pH and dissolves the shells of species, such as coral and muscles.

A

Ocean acidification

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37
Q

Largest reservoir of carbon cycle

A

Sedimentary rock/sediments at the bottom of the ocean

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38
Q

Biogeochemical cycle

A

Biological geological and chemical processes that move things between living and non-living parts of an ecosystem

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39
Q

Combustion (carbon cycle)

A

Burning plant matter and fossil fuels

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40
Q

Burning plant matter and fossil fuels

A

Combustion

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41
Q

Exchange (carbon cycle)

A

CO2 moves back and forth between the ocean and atmosphere

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42
Q

CO2 moves back and forth between the ocean and atmosphere

A

Exchange

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43
Q

Burial (carbon cycle)

A

Carbon enters the earths crust, eventually becoming a mineral or fossil fuel

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44
Q

Carbon enters the earths crust, eventually becoming a mineral or fossil fuel

A

Burial

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45
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Turns N2 to NH3 (ammonia) and then water forms NH4+ (ammonium). Most nitrogen fixation is done by bacteria on the roots of legumes and by blue-green algae or cynobacteria and water. Sometimes fixation occurs through lightning strikes.

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46
Q

Turns N2 to NH3 (ammonia) and then water forms NH4+ (ammonium). Most is done by bacteria on the roots of legumes and by blue-green algae or cynobacteria and water. Sometimes occurs through lightning strikes.

A

Nitrogen fixation

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47
Q

NH2

A

Nitrogen gas

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48
Q

Nitrogen gas compound

A

NH2

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49
Q

NH3

A

Ammonia

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50
Q

Ammonia compound

A

NH3

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51
Q

NH4+

A

Ammonium

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52
Q

Ammonium compound

A

NH4+

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53
Q

Biotic fixation

A

Nitrogen gas (N2) is converted to solid ammonium (NH4+) by soil bacteria

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54
Q

Nitrogen gas (N2) is converted to solid ammonium (NH4+) by soil bacteria

A

Biotic fixation

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55
Q

Abiotic fixation

A

Nitrogen gas (N2) is converted to solid nitrates (NO3) by lightning or synthetic fertilizer production

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56
Q

Nitrate

A

NO3

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57
Q

NO3

A

Nitrate

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58
Q

Nitrogen gas (N2) is converted to solid nitrates (NO3) by lightning or synthetic fertilizer production

A

Abiotic fixation

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59
Q

Nitrification

A

Turns NH4+ to NO2 (nitrite) and then NO3 in the soil (nitrate)

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60
Q

NO2

A

Nitrite

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61
Q

Nitrite

A

NO2

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62
Q

Turns NH4+ to NO2 (nitrite) and then NO3 in the soil (nitrate)

A

Nitrification

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63
Q

Assimilation

A

When plants take in NH4+ or NO3 from the soil and when animals eat plants

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64
Q

When plants take in NH4+ or NO3 from the soil and when animals eat plants

A

Assimilation

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65
Q

Ammonification

A

Animal waste and decomposing dead organisms produce NH4+ (ammonium)

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66
Q

Animal waste and decomposing dead organisms produce NH4+ (ammonium)

A

Ammonification

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67
Q

Dentrification

A

Soil bacteria converts nitrates (NO3) and nitrites (NO2) into nitrogen gas (N2)

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68
Q

Largest reservoir of the nitrogen cycle

A

Atmosphere (in the form of N2 gas)

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69
Q

Weathering (the phosphorus cycle)

A

Water breaks down rock, releasing phosphorus into the soil, rivers, lakes, and the ocean

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70
Q

Water breaks down rock, releasing phosphorus into the soil, rivers, lakes, and the ocean

A

Weathering

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71
Q

Mining (the phosphorus cycle)

A

Phosphates are removed from underground minerals to make fertilizer

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72
Q

Phosphates are removed from underground minerals to make fertilizer

A

Mining

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73
Q

Largest reservoir of the phosphorus cycle

A

Sedimentary rock

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74
Q

Which cycle is the only cycle with no atmospheric reservoir?

A

The phosphorus cycle

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75
Q

How is sulfur deposited

A

Precipitation, direct fallout from the atmosphere, rock weathering and volcanoes

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76
Q

As rain falls through the atmosphere SO2 (sulfur dioxide) is converted into ______

A

H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)

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77
Q

Sulfuric dioxide compound

A

SO2

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78
Q

SO2

A

Sulfuric dioxide

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79
Q

H2SO4

A

Sulfuric acid

80
Q

Sulfuric acid compound

A

H2SO4

81
Q

H2S

A

Hydrogen sulfide

82
Q

Hydrogen sulfide compound

A

H2S

83
Q

Fallout (the sulfur cycle)

A

Sulfur falling directly from the atmosphere

84
Q

Sulfur falling directly from the atmosphere

A

Fallout

85
Q

Weathering of sulfur-containing rocks does what

A

Releases sulfur into the soil

86
Q

Death and decompoisiton of organisms releases sulfur back into the atmosphere as

A

H2S (hydrogen sulfide)

87
Q

Burning of fossil fuels releases a large amount of ___
(Sulfuric cycle)

A

H2S (hydrogen sulfide)

88
Q

Acid rain

A

Caused by rainwater falling to the ground through (SO2) sulfur dioxide gas

89
Q

Caused by rainwater falling to the ground through (SO2) sulfur dioxide gas

A

Acid rain

90
Q

Acid precipitation

A

Sulfate from combustion and volcanic eruptions mixes with water vapor, forming sulfuric acid

91
Q

Sulfate from combustion and volcanic eruptions mixes with water vapor, forming sulfuric acid

A

Acid precipitation

92
Q

Polar

A

Cold areas

93
Q

Temperate

A

Hot/cold seasons

94
Q

Tropical

A

Always warm

95
Q

Arctic circle is where on the globe

A

All the way south all the way north

96
Q

Tropic of cancer is located where

A

Above the equator

97
Q

Tropic of capricorn is where

A

Below the equator

98
Q

Two most significant abiotic factors in biomes

A

Temperature and precipitation

99
Q

What are temperature and precipitation influenced by (list 5)

A
  1. Latitude
  2. Altitude
  3. Prevailing winds
  4. Oceans and lakes
  5. Nearby mountains
100
Q

Latitudes near the equator receive more ______

A

Direct sunlight

101
Q

As latitude increases temperature and primary productivity tends to (increase/decrease) and why

A

Decrease due to the changing sun angle

102
Q

As altitude increases, temperature and primary productivity (increases/decreases)

A

Decreases

103
Q

Ocean conveyor

A

A moving system of deep ocean currents that circulate warmth across the globe

104
Q

A moving system of deep ocean currents that circulate warmth across the globe

A

Ocean conveyor

105
Q

Prevailing winds

A

Regions where the wind tends to blow from a certain direction

106
Q

Regions where the wind tends to blow from a certain direction

A

Prevailing winds

107
Q

Trade winds

A

From the tropics southwest or northwest towards the equator

Right to left on the tropics

108
Q

Winds from the tropics southwest or northwest towards the equator

A

Trade winds

109
Q

Westerlies

A

From the subtropics west towards the midlatitudes

Left to right

110
Q

From the subtropics west towards the midlatitudes

A

Westerlies

111
Q

Biomes located near bodies of water have greater __________ levels

A

Precipitation

112
Q

El niño-southern oscillation (enso) cycle

A

A period of warming and cooling of the central/eastern pacific ocean caused by shifts in trade winds

113
Q

A period of warming and cooling of the central/eastern pacific ocean caused by shifts in trade winds

A

El niño-southern oscillation (enso) cycle

114
Q

El niño

A

Warm phase
More evaporation from the pacific
Warmer and more rainfall in western US

115
Q

Warm phase
More evaporation from the pacific
Warmer and more rainfall in western US

A

El niño

116
Q

La niña

A

Cool phase
Less evaporation from the pacific
Cooler and less rainfall in the western US

117
Q

Cool phase
Less evaporation from the pacific
Cooler and less rainfall in the western US

A

La niña

118
Q

Rainshadow effect

A

A decrease in precipitation on the side of a mountain facing away from prevailing winds

Windward slope
Leeward slope

119
Q

A decrease in precipitation on the side of a mountain facing away from prevailing winds

A

Rainshadow effect

120
Q

Windward slope (Rainshadow effect)

A

Faces wind, receives more precipitation

121
Q

Leeward slopes relation to precipitation (rainshadow effect)

A

Reduced precipitation

122
Q

Climatographs

A

a line/bar graph that shows trends in temperature and precipitation over a typical year in a biome

123
Q

a line/bar graph that shows trends in temperature and precipitation over a typical year in a biome

A

Climatographs

124
Q

Biome in the uppernorthmost canada

A

Tundra

125
Q

Biome of most of canada

A

Coniferous forest

126
Q

Biome of eastern U.S.

A

Deciduous forest

127
Q

Biome of central U.S.

A

Grassland

128
Q

Biome of western U.S

A

Desert

129
Q

Biome of southern mexico & the islands

A

Tropical rain forest

130
Q

Biome of western mexico

A

Deciduous forest

131
Q

Deserts
(Precipitation, temperature, npp)

A

Low precipitation, high temperatures
Lowest net primary productivity

132
Q

Low precipitation, high temperatures
Lowest net primary productivity

A

Deserts

133
Q

Subtropical deserts
(Where they form, temperature)

A

Form between the topics and the equator
Extreme temperature changes (hot/cold)
Organisms able to tolerate extreme conditions

134
Q

Form between the topics and the equator
Extreme temperature changes (hot/cold)
Organisms able to tolerate extreme conditions

A

Subtropical deserts

135
Q

Rainshadow deserts

A

Found on the leeward side of mountain ranges

136
Q

Found on the leeward side of mountain ranges

A

Rainshadow deserts

137
Q

Coastal deserts

A

The result of wind currents that run parallel a coastline
May bring fog but no measurable precipitation

138
Q

The result of wind currents that run parallel a coastline
May bring fog but no measurable precipitation

A

Coastal deserts

139
Q

Temperate deserts
(Temperature)

A

Deserts with seasonal temperature variations

140
Q

Polar deserts

A

Constantly cold and dry

141
Q

Threats to deserts

A

-residential development
-off road vehicles
-plant removal by collectors

142
Q

Grasslands
(Precipitation, temperature, npp)

A

Moderate or seasonal precipitation
Warm or seasonal temperatures
Moderate net primary productivity

143
Q

Moderate or seasonal precipitation
Warm or seasonal temperatures
Moderate net primary productivity

A

Grasslands

144
Q

Savannas
(Temperature, precipitation, another name etc.)

A

Located near the equator between tropical forests and subtropical deserts
Temperature: consistently tropical
Precipitation: seasonal
Grassland area with few trees, large animal herds, frequent fires
Lions zebras giraffes elephants
tropical grasslands

145
Q

Another word for tropical grasslands

A

Savannas

146
Q

Located near the equator between tropical forests and subtropical deserts
Temperature: consistently tropical
Precipitation: seasonal
Grassland area with few trees, large animal herds, frequent fires
Lions zebras giraffes elephants

A

Savannas/tropical grasslands

147
Q

Prairies/temperate grasslands
(Temperature, precipitation, soil fertility, animals, what roots do plants have)

A

Temperature: seasonal
Precipitation: moderate
Very fertile soil
Deer coyotes snakes rodents
Plants have deep and complex root structures that allow them to recover from drought, wildfire, cold winters, and grazing animals

148
Q

Another word for temperate grasslands

A

Prairies

149
Q

Temperature: seasonal
Precipitation: moderate
Very fertile soil
Deer coyotes snakes rodents
Plants have deep and complex root structures that allow them to recover from drought, wildfire, cold winters, and grazing animals

A

Prairies/temperate grasslands

150
Q

Tundras
(Growing season length, temperature, precipitation, another name for it, etc.)

A

Short growing seasons and permafrost
Temperate: consistently cold
Precipitation: moderate
Strong winds, no trees, small pants
Arctic fox
Polar ice caps, too cold and dry for plant growth so algae in the water are producers
Polar grasslands

151
Q

Another name for polar grassland

A

Tundra

152
Q

Short growing seasons and permafrost
Temperate: consistently cold
Precipitation: moderate
Strong winds, no trees, small pants
Arctic fox
Polar ice caps, too cold and dry for plant growth so algae in the water are producers

A

Tundras/ polar grasslands

153
Q

Permafrost

A

Permanently frozen soil

154
Q

Forests
(Precipitation, temperatures, npp)

A

Consistent moderate to high precipitation that supports tree growth
Warm or seasonal temperatures
High net primary productivity across multiple layers

155
Q

Consistent moderate to high precipitation that supports tree growth
Warm or seasonal temperatures
High net primary productivity across multiple layers

A

Forests

156
Q

Emergent layer

A

Uppermost layer in a forest
Receives the most direct sunlight

157
Q

Uppermost layer in a forest
Receives the most direct sunlight

A

Emergent layer

158
Q

Canopy

A

Highest layer that most trees reach and contains mist if the plant and animal life
Highest net primary productivity area

159
Q

Highest layer that most trees reach and contains mist if the plant and animal life
Highest net primary productivity area

A

Canopy

160
Q

Understory

A

Layer of vegetation below the canopy where only 5% of sunlight reaches

161
Q

Layer of vegetation below the canopy where only 5% of sunlight reaches

A

Understory

162
Q

Forest floor

A

Bottom most layer of the forest has a community centered around decomposition

163
Q

Bottom most layer of the forest has a community centered around decomposition

A

Forest floor

164
Q

Broadleaf trees

A

Wide, flat leaves that maximize sun absorption
Prone to moisture loss via transpiration
Shed in winter or dry seasons

165
Q

Wide, flat leaves that maximize sun absorption
Prone to moisture loss via transpiration
Shed in winter or dry seasons

A

Broadleaf trees

166
Q

Coniferous trees

A

Narrow, wax coated leaves
Absorb less sunlight but transpire less water
Not shed during cold or dry seasons

167
Q

Narrow, wax coated leaves
Absorb less sunlight but transpire less water
Not shed during cold or dry seasons

A

Coniferous trees

168
Q

Tropical rainforests
(Rainfall amount, temperature, type of tree, npp, soil, etc.)

A

Receive high rainfall and are consistently warm
Broadleaf trees only
Highest net primary productivity of all land biomes
Most biodiversity
Hot & wet year round; poor soil

169
Q

Receive high rainfall and are consistently warm
Broadleaf trees inly
Highest net primary productivity of all land biomes
Most biodiversity
Hot & wet year round; poor soil

A

Tropical rainforests

170
Q

Arboreal

A

Animals that live in trees

171
Q

Animals that live in trees

A

Arboreal

172
Q

Brachiation

A

Movement by swinging from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms

173
Q

Movement by swinging from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms

A

Brachiation

174
Q

Temperate rainforests
(Precipitation, temperature, trees)

A

Receive high rainfall but have seasonal temperature changes
Broadleaf or coniferous trees

175
Q

Receive high rainfall but have seasonal temperature changes
Broadleaf or coniferous trees

A

Temperate rainforests

176
Q

Deciduous forest
(Precipitation, temperature, trees)

A

Moderate precipitation and significant seasonal temperature changes
Mostly broadleaf trees that shed their leaves each winter

177
Q

Moderate precipitation and significant seasonal temperature changes
Mostly broadleaf trees that shed their leaves each winter

A

Deciduous forest

178
Q

Temperate deciduous forest
(Trees, precipitation, animals)

A

Deciduous trees, 4 seasons, seasonal rainfall
Maple, elm, oak, pine
Squirrel, songbird, owls, snakes

179
Q

Deciduous trees, 4 seasons, seasonal rainfall
Maple, elm, oak, pine
Squirrel, songbird, owls, snakes

A

Temperate deciduous forest

180
Q

Boreal forests
(Temperature, precipitation, trees, another name)

A

Coldest and driest forest biome
Coniferous trees only
Evergreen forests, cold long winters, short mild summers
Taiga

181
Q

Threats to forests

A

Threats: logging, cattle grazing, farming, hydroelectric dams

182
Q

Another word for boreal forests

A

Taiga

183
Q

Another word for taiga

A

Boreal forest

184
Q

Mediterranean forests
(Precipitation, trees, another name)

A

Highly seasonal rainfall that mostly falls during winter months
Small coniferous trees and shrubs
Dominated by shrubs, frequent fires
Chaparral

185
Q

Highly seasonal rainfall that mostly falls during winter months
Small coniferous trees and shrubs
Dominated by shrubs, frequent fires

A

Mediterranean forests/chaparral

186
Q

Another name for mediterranean forests

A

Chaparral

187
Q

Another name for chaparral

A

Mediterranean forest

188
Q

Macronutrients

A

Needed by organisms in large amounts
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur

189
Q

Limiting nutrient

A

A nutrient required for the growth of an organism but available un a lower quality than other nutrients
(Ex. Nitrogen)

190
Q

Leaching

A

The transportation of dissolved molecules through the soil via groundwater

191
Q

The transportation of dissolved molecules through the soil via groundwater

A

Leaching

192
Q

Hypoxic

A

Water low in oxygen

193
Q

Water low in oxygen

A

Hypoxic

194
Q

Chaparral
(Precipitation, trees, another name)

A

Highly seasonal rainfall that mostly falls during winter months
Small coniferous trees and shrubs
Dominated by shrubs, frequent fires
Mediterranean forest

195
Q

Taiga
(Precipitation, temperature, trees, another name)

A

Coldest and driest forest biome
Coniferous trees only
Evergreen forests, cold long winters, short mild summers
Boreal forest

Enviro (8 decks)

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