Unit 5 Flashcards by Claire larsen

motility

propulsive movements
* push contents forward

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secretion

from exocrine glands into the GI tract

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digestion

carbohydrates, protein, fat
* breakdown parts that can be absorbed

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what happens when longitudinal muscle contracts

GI tract shortens

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what happens when circular muscle contracts

decrease radius of GI tract

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what does the symp (NE, Ep) do to the GI tract

relaxtion (inhibit)

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what does the parasymp (ACh) do to the GI tract

contraction (stimulate)

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what does the enteric system do to the GI tract

relaxtion AND contraction

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gastrin source

stomach
* from stomach into the blood

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gastrin simulus for release

protein (amino acids) in the stomach

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gastrin function

stimulates gastric motility and secretions (HCl)

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gastrin summary of function

stimulate stomach to digest food and clear out space in the instestines

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secretin source

duodenum

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secretin stimulus for release

acid in teh deuodenum

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secretin function

inhibit gastric moltility and secretion
stimulate HCO3- secretion from pancrease and liver

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secretin summary of function

too much acid coming into the small instestine

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cholecystokinin (CKK) source

duodenum

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cholecystokinin stimulus for release

fat or protein in the deuodenum

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choleycystokinin function

inihbit gastric motility and sectrion
stimulate secretion of digestive enzymes from pancreas
contract gallbladder - release of bile salts into the duodenum

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GIP source

duodenum

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GIP stimulus for release

glucose inthe duodenum

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GIP function

inhibit gastric motility and sectretion
stimulate insulin release

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GIP summary of function

slow down rate of glucose in the duodenum and prepare for glucose in the blood

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cholecystokinin summary of funciton

sow down rate of stuff enterig the duodenum and release enzymes to break it down

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GI smooth muscle contains

gap junction (single unit) pacemaker cells

peristalsis

propulsive movement in esophagus and intestines

segmentation

mixing movements in intestines

voluntary sphincter type of muscle

skeletal muscle

involuntary sphincter type of mucsle

smooth muscle

zymogen granules

contain amylase breakdown carbohydrates

duct cells

add bicarbonate (neutralize acidic foods)

salivary amylase

begins breakdown of carbohydrates (inactivated by low pH in stomach)

lingual lipase

begins breakdown of lipids works at low pH

what does the parasymp do to inhibit the stomach

stimulate enertic NS which inhibits the stomach to relax and expand

oxyntic gland

pit in the epithelium of the stomach with a large number of exocrine cells

parietal cells

release HCl and intrinsic factor

chief cells

have zymogen granules * release pepsinogen (protein breakdown)

cephalic phase

before food reaches the stomach * increase in gastric secretion - HCl, pepsinogen

gastric phase

food in the stomach - protein, stretch * increase in gastric sectrions

intestinal phase

food in the duodenum * decrease in gastric secretions

bactericidal action

low pH kills most bacteria (except H. poylori)

supply of intrinstic factor (parietal cells)

intrinsic facotr needed for Vit B12 absorption * Vit B12 needeed for RBC production

what is bile made of

HCO3- Bilirubin (gives feces brown color) Bile salts (emulsification of fat)

glucose can either

stay in blood or be stored as glycogen

amino acid function once reaching the liver

* stay in blood * converted into other amino acids * convert into glucose * plasma proteins

compositon of pancreatic juice

* HCO3- * proteases * pancreatic amylase * pancreatic lipase

pancreatic amylase

breakdown carbohydrates

pancreatic lipase

breakdown fat

small instestine absorptive state

segmantation and peristalsis

small intestine postabsorptive state

migrating motor complex

small intestine secretions

HCO3- bacteria cholera toxin (increase secretions)

main type of disaccharide

sucrose

main monosaccharide

glucose (only type that can be absorbed)

epithelial disaccharidase

disaccharides --> monosaccharides

how does glucose get into enterocytes

secondary active transport

how does glucose go from enterocytes to the blood

facilitated diffusion

most important lipase

pancreatic lipase * acting with bile salts present in duodenum

how does the micelle get into the enterocyte

simple diffusion

what part of the micelle does not go into the enterocyte

bile salts * absorbed in ileum and sent to liver to be reused

where does the chylomicron go after leaving the eneterocyte

lymphatic system

why types of peptides can be absorbed

tripeptides dipeptides amino acids

what pancreatic enzyme can do autocatalysis

trypsin

what panreatic enzyme is released by epithelial cells in duodenum and turns trypsinogen into trypsin

enteropeptidase

exopeptidase

remove amino acid from the end

endopeptidase

cleave polypeptide in the middle

what happens if proteins are absorbed

anaphylactic reaction (Antibody production --> vasodilation --> increase BP)

ferritin

storage form of iron

how does iron enter the enterocyte

primary active transport

ferroportin transporter

transports iron into the blood

hepsidin

inhibits ferroportin (decrease of iron absorption)