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Physiology Final > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

where does gas exchange in the lungs occur

A

at alveoli

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2
Q

pneumothorax

A

host in chest wall, air into the pleural space

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3
Q

what does negative alveolar pressure mean

A

air flows into the lungs

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4
Q

what does positive alveolar pressure mean

A

air flows out of lungs

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5
Q

what happens in increased inspiration

A

contract external intercostal muscles, contract accessory muscles in the neck

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6
Q

what happens during increased expiration

A

contract internal intercostal muscles

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7
Q

what is FEV1/FVC

A

how much total forced expiration occurs in the first second

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8
Q

what is normal FVC

A

5L

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9
Q

what is normal RV

A

1L

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10
Q

what is normal TLC

A

6 L

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11
Q

what is normal FEV1/FVC

A

80%

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12
Q

what are the defining characteristic of an obstructie disorder

A

increaed RV and decreased FEV1/FVC

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13
Q

what type of disease is emphysema

A

obstructive

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14
Q

what happens in emphysema

A

loss of alveoli, difficulty getting air out of the lungs

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15
Q

what are the defining characteristics of a restrictive disorder

A

decreased TLC

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16
Q

what type of disease is fibrosis

A

restrictive, scar tissue in lung
* difficulty getting air into the lungs

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17
Q

where is the most important resistance in the lungs, why?

A

bronchioles, they have smooth muscle so the resistnace can be regulated

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18
Q

what does the parasymp NS do to airway resistance

A

ACh acting on mACH receptors causes constriction

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19
Q

what does the symp NS do to airway resistance

A

Ep acting on beta2 receptors causes airway dilation

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20
Q

what happens at high altitude

A

there is a decrease in total pressure

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21
Q

perfusion-limmited

A

diffusing capacity is limited by blood flow

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22
Q

diffusion-limited

A

diffusing capacity is limited by rate of diffusion

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23
Q

diffusing capacity of O2 is

A

perfusion limited

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24
Q

what are the 3 benefits of recruitment and distension

A
  1. decreased resistance causes decreased pressure
  2. decreases velocity of blood flow so more time for gas exchange
  3. increases surface area for gas exchange
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25
Q

effect of hypoxia

A

always want to match air flow and blood flow

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26
Q

dissolved O2

A
  1. defines PO2
  2. detected by chemoreceptors
  3. used by cells
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27
Q

Bohr effect

A

when there are high levels of CO2 binding to Hb there is less O2 bound to Hb

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28
Q

pulmonary stretch receptors

A

inhibitory, dont stop normal inspiration but stop overinflation of lungs

29
Q

chemoreceptors

A

stimulatory, detect increase in CO2, H+, and decrease in O2

30
Q

proprioceptors

A

stimulatory, dectect increase in muscle activity and joint movement

31
Q

what regulates breathing - decreased O2 or increased CO2

A

increased CO2

32
Q

things that stimulates central chemoreceptors

A

increased CO2 in blood
increased H+ in the interstitial fluid in the brain

33
Q

things that stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors

A

increased CO2 in blood
increased H+ in blood
decreased O2 blood

34
Q

clearance

A

volume of plasma/minutes needed to exrete the quantity of a substance appearing in the urine in a minutes time

35
Q

inulin

A

is filtered, not reabsorbed, and not secreted

36
Q

PAH is

A

filtered, not reabsorbed, completely secreted

37
Q

glucose is

A

filtered, completely reabsorbed, not secreted

38
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

glucose in urine, increse in urine volume

39
Q

proximal convoluted tubule absorption

A

70% of K+, Na+, H2O reabsorbed

40
Q

proximal convoluted tubule secretion

A

100% PAH

41
Q

loop of henle descending limb reabsorbs

A

H2O

42
Q

loop of henle ascending limb reabsorbs

A

Na+ and Cl- NOT WATER

43
Q

distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs

A

Na+ and Cl- NOT WATER

44
Q

aldosterone increases

A
  • protein synthesis
  • Na+/K+ pumps
  • Na+ reabsorptino
  • K+ secretion
45
Q

ADH increases

A

H2O reabsorption

46
Q

where is ADH made and released

A

hypothalamus, posterior pituitary

47
Q

what stimulates ADH release

A

high osmolarity in extracellular fluid
low blood volume

48
Q

what is inhibited during urination

A

alpha motor neuron to voluntary sphincter (sphincter relaxes)

49
Q

what is stimulated during urination

A

parasymp NS to detrusser muscle (destrusser contracts)

50
Q

what stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

low extracellular fluid volume

51
Q

what does ANP do

A

lower blood pressure

52
Q

what do ADH, aldosterone, and angiotensin II all do

A

increase blood pressure

53
Q

what is the importance of concentrating urine

A
  • conserving water
  • can concentrate urine to the concentration of the intersitial fluid of the inner medulla
54
Q

what decreases ADH release

A

alcohol

55
Q

countercurrent multiplication

A
  1. H2O reabsorbed from the descending loop of henle
  2. Na+, Cl-, but not H2O, reabsorbed from the asending limb of the loop of Henle
  3. Can create a 200 mOsm concentration gradient
  4. Creates concentrated interstitial fluid of the inner medulla
56
Q

Regulation of pH

A

buffers (within seconds)
respiratory system (within minutes)
renal system (days)

57
Q

acidosis is described by

A

increased H+

58
Q

alkalosis is described by

A

decreased H+

59
Q

what is respiratory acidosis

A

high CO2
* cause: decreased ventilation, severe asthma

60
Q

what is metabolic acidosis

A

low HCO3-
* cause: kidney failure, diarrhea, exercise

61
Q

what is respiratory alkalosis

A

low CO2
* cause: increased ventilation - high altitude

62
Q

what is metabolic alkalosis

A

high HCO3-
* cause: abuse of antacids, vomiting

63
Q

granular cells

A

release renin

64
Q

macula densa cells

A

detect increase in Na, Cl- in filtrate

65
Q

does constricting the afferent or efferent arteriole decrease filtration

A

afferent

66
Q

does constricting the efferent or afferent arteriole increase filtration

A

efferent

67
Q

vitamin D3

A

involved in calcium regulation
activation occurs in proximal tubule cells

68
Q

erythropoeitin

A

stimulates production of RBCs in bone marrow

Physiology Final (5 decks)

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