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Physiology Final > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

where does gas exchange in the lungs occur

A

at alveoli

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2
Q

pneumothorax

A

host in chest wall, air into the pleural space

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3
Q

what does negative alveolar pressure mean

A

air flows into the lungs

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4
Q

what does positive alveolar pressure mean

A

air flows out of lungs

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5
Q

what happens in increased inspiration

A

contract external intercostal muscles, contract accessory muscles in the neck

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6
Q

what happens during increased expiration

A

contract internal intercostal muscles

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7
Q

what is FEV1/FVC

A

how much total forced expiration occurs in the first second

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8
Q

what is normal FVC

A

5L

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9
Q

what is normal RV

A

1L

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10
Q

what is normal TLC

A

6 L

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11
Q

what is normal FEV1/FVC

A

80%

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12
Q

what are the defining characteristic of an obstructie disorder

A

increaed RV and decreased FEV1/FVC

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13
Q

what type of disease is emphysema

A

obstructive

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14
Q

what happens in emphysema

A

loss of alveoli, difficulty getting air out of the lungs

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15
Q

what are the defining characteristics of a restrictive disorder

A

decreased TLC

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16
Q

what type of disease is fibrosis

A

restrictive, scar tissue in lung
* difficulty getting air into the lungs

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17
Q

where is the most important resistance in the lungs, why?

A

bronchioles, they have smooth muscle so the resistnace can be regulated

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18
Q

what does the parasymp NS do to airway resistance

A

ACh acting on mACH receptors causes constriction

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19
Q

what does the symp NS do to airway resistance

A

Ep acting on beta2 receptors causes airway dilation

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20
Q

what happens at high altitude

A

there is a decrease in total pressure

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21
Q

perfusion-limmited

A

diffusing capacity is limited by blood flow

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22
Q

diffusion-limited

A

diffusing capacity is limited by rate of diffusion

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23
Q

diffusing capacity of O2 is

A

perfusion limited

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24
Q

what are the 3 benefits of recruitment and distension

A
  1. decreased resistance causes decreased pressure
  2. decreases velocity of blood flow so more time for gas exchange
  3. increases surface area for gas exchange
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25
effect of hypoxia
always want to match air flow and blood flow
26
dissolved O2
1. defines PO2 2. detected by chemoreceptors 3. used by cells
27
Bohr effect
when there are high levels of CO2 binding to Hb there is less O2 bound to Hb
28
pulmonary stretch receptors
inhibitory, dont stop normal inspiration but stop overinflation of lungs
29
chemoreceptors
stimulatory, detect increase in CO2, H+, and decrease in O2
30
proprioceptors
stimulatory, dectect increase in muscle activity and joint movement
31
what regulates breathing - decreased O2 or increased CO2
increased CO2
32
things that stimulates central chemoreceptors
increased CO2 in blood increased H+ in the interstitial fluid in the brain
33
things that stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors
increased CO2 in blood increased H+ in blood decreased O2 blood
34
clearance
volume of plasma/minutes needed to exrete the quantity of a substance appearing in the urine in a minutes time
35
inulin
is filtered, not reabsorbed, and not secreted
36
PAH is
filtered, not reabsorbed, completely secreted
37
glucose is
filtered, completely reabsorbed, not secreted
38
diabetes mellitus
glucose in urine, increse in urine volume
39
proximal convoluted tubule absorption
70% of K+, Na+, H2O reabsorbed
40
proximal convoluted tubule secretion
100% PAH
41
loop of henle descending limb reabsorbs
H2O
42
loop of henle ascending limb reabsorbs
Na+ and Cl- NOT WATER
43
distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs
Na+ and Cl- NOT WATER
44
aldosterone increases
* protein synthesis * Na+/K+ pumps * Na+ reabsorptino * K+ secretion
45
ADH increases
H2O reabsorption
46
where is ADH made and released
hypothalamus, posterior pituitary
47
what stimulates ADH release
high osmolarity in extracellular fluid low blood volume
48
what is inhibited during urination
alpha motor neuron to voluntary sphincter (sphincter relaxes)
49
what is stimulated during urination
parasymp NS to detrusser muscle (destrusser contracts)
50
what stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
low extracellular fluid volume
51
what does ANP do
lower blood pressure
52
what do ADH, aldosterone, and angiotensin II all do
increase blood pressure
53
what is the importance of concentrating urine
* conserving water * can concentrate urine to the concentration of the intersitial fluid of the inner medulla
54
what decreases ADH release
alcohol
55
countercurrent multiplication
1. H2O reabsorbed from the descending loop of henle 2. Na+, Cl-, but not H2O, reabsorbed from the asending limb of the loop of Henle 3. Can create a 200 mOsm concentration gradient 4. Creates concentrated interstitial fluid of the inner medulla
56
Regulation of pH
buffers (within seconds) respiratory system (within minutes) renal system (days)
57
acidosis is described by
increased H+
58
alkalosis is described by
decreased H+
59
what is respiratory acidosis
high CO2 * cause: decreased ventilation, severe asthma
60
what is metabolic acidosis
low HCO3- * cause: kidney failure, diarrhea, exercise
61
what is respiratory alkalosis
low CO2 * cause: increased ventilation - high altitude
62
what is metabolic alkalosis
high HCO3- * cause: abuse of antacids, vomiting
63
granular cells
release renin
64
macula densa cells
detect increase in Na, Cl- in filtrate
65
does constricting the afferent or efferent arteriole decrease filtration
afferent
66
does constricting the efferent or afferent arteriole increase filtration
efferent
67
vitamin D3
involved in calcium regulation activation occurs in proximal tubule cells
68
erythropoeitin
stimulates production of RBCs in bone marrow

Physiology Final (5 decks)

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