Unit 4 Flashcards by Claire larsen

specificity of hormone actions

only target cells have receptors
higher concentration in blood to some cells
conversion to a more active form in the target tissue

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amino acid derivative properties

small
hydrophilic/lipophobic
stored in vesciels and released by exocytosis

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types of amino acid derivatives

EP, NE, dopamine, thyroid hormone

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thyroid hormone properties

small
hydrophobic/lipiphilic
escape from cells as they are made, stored bound to plasma proteins

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peptide and protein hormone properties

fairly large
hydrophilic/lipophobic
stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis
*formed as larger precursor proteins that are cleaved to form the active hormone

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steroid hormones are always derived from

cholesterol

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steroid hormone properties

hydrophobic/lipophilic
act on intracellular receptors
escape from cells as they are made, stored bound to plasma proteins

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steroid and thyroid hormones stored bound to proteins increases

half-life

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why can’t steroid and thyroid hormone be stored in cells

they cross membranes

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activation of second messenger systems

transer information into the cell
signal amplication

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GHRH increases the release of

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somatostatin decreases the release of

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ATP acting in cAMP activates __ which increases __ release

PKA, GH

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TRH stimulates

phospholipase C

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phospholipase C cleaves PIP2 into

IP3 and DAG

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DAG increases

TSH production

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IP3 increases

TSH release
* acts on ER to release Ca++ to stimulate TSH release

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both DAG and IP3 are described as

second messangers

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insulin acts through a

tyrosine kinase

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insulin binds to

alpha subunits
* causes autophosporylation of beta-subunit

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calcium is an important

2nd messenger

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what carries hypothalamic harmones to the anterior pituitary

hypophysial portal vein

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what is the primary plexus of anterior pituitary

capillaries that take up GHRH, TRH

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secondary capillary plexus

2nd capillary bed
* in series with primary plexus
* takes up hormones GH, TRH

what are the 6 anterior pituitary hormones

FSH and LH, GH, TSH, prolactin, ACTH

function of GH

* cartilage and bone growth * protein metabolism * carbohydrate metabolism * lipid metabolism

growth hormone deficiency in children

short, but normal proportions * treatment: give GH injections

high growth hormone in children

gigantism

high growth hormone in adults

agromegaly * increase of gorwth of bone where the growth plate does not close off - bones in face

prolactin function

increase breast development and milk production

what stimulates prolactin release

estrogen and TRH

what inhibits prolactin release

dopamine, estrogen and progesterone

what are the two main hormones of the posteiror pituitary

ADH and oxytocin

what are the two main hormones of the posteiror pituitary

ADH and oxytocin

function of oxytocin

milk release, contraction of uterin emsucle for birth

ADH function

increase H2O reabsorption in distal tubule and collecting duct

alpha cells release

glucagon

beta cells release

insulin and amylin

amylin

inhibits the GI tract satiety factor

delat cells release

somatostatin * inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion * release increases after a meal

gamma PP cells release

pancreatic polypeptide * inhibits exocrine pacnreas secretion of enzymes

what is released with insulin

C-peptide, same amount released

importance of C-peptide

can be measured as a marker for insulin

GLUT 1

transport of glucose across the blood brain barrier

GLUT 2

kidneys - glucose reabsorption, liver - glucose uptake or release, pancreas - beta cells (regulate insulin release)

GLUT 3

on neurons

GLUT 4

skeletal and cardiac muscle, adipose (fat) cells

effects of insulin on carbohydrates

1. insulin stimulates glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and adipose cells but not the brain 2. stimulates glycogen synthesis 3. inhibits gluconeogenesis

what is the only insulin regualted glucose transporter

GLUT 4

insulin inhibits

hormone-sensitive lipase, lipoprotein lipase

insulin can both stimulate and inhibit

lipoprotein lipase

proteins

* increase amino acid uptake into cells * increases protein synthesis * decrease protien breakdown

what stimulates insulin secretion

* glucose * amino acids * free fatty acids * ACh * GIP * GLP-1

what stimulates glucagon secretion

* amino acid s * NE, EP * ACh

what inhibits glucagon secretion

* glucose * insulin * somatostatin * free fatty acids

function of thyroid hormones

CNS development Growth and metabolism Basal metabolic rate

hashimoto's disease

main cause of hypothyroidism in the US * body makes antibodies against the thyroid gland

symptoms of hypothyroidism

decreased BMR weight gain intolerance to cold fatigue

graves' disease

autoimmune - antibodies activate TSH receptors