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Physiology Final > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what band does not change in length during contraction (sarcomere)

A

A band

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2
Q

what decreases in length during contraction (sarcomere)

A
  • sarcomere
  • I-band
  • H-zone
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3
Q

S1 region of thick filament

A

where thin filament binds
where ATP binds

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4
Q

S2 region of thick filament

A

flexible link between the head and tail region (bends during contraction)

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5
Q

what are the three binding sites on troponin

A

calcium, actin, tropomyosin

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6
Q

where does most of the calcium come from in skeletal muscle

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

is skeletal muscle thin or thick filament regulated

A

thin filament regulated

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8
Q

smooth muscle characteristics

A
  • not striated, no sarcomeres
  • contains thick and think filaments
  • use sliding filament mechanism for contraction (think along thick)
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9
Q

mechanism of latch state

A
  1. cross-bridge cycling is very slow - so slow that it is more like thin and thick are stuck together
  2. a protein forms a link between thick and thin filaments - caldesmon
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10
Q

sympathetic releases

A

NE

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11
Q

parasympathetic releases

A

ACh

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12
Q

enteric nervous system releases

A

NE, ACh, and many other NTs

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13
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle

A
  1. heart is a hollow organ (smooth)
  2. coordinated contractions (smooth)
  3. fast contractions, short duration (skeletal)
  4. contains sarcomeres (skeletal)
  5. controlled by ANS and hormones (smooth)
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14
Q

where does Ca++ come from in cardaic muscle

A

outside cell and SR

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15
Q

where does Ca++ come from in smooth muscle

A

SR

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16
Q

which type of muscle involves calcium influx from the extracellular fluid during contractio n

A

cardiac and smooth muscle

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17
Q

which type of muscle involves calcium induced caclium release from the SR during contraction

A

cardiac and smooth muscle

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18
Q

re-entry arrythmias

A

due to slow or blocked conduction

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19
Q

atrial premature complexes (APCs)

A

area of atria other than SA node causes contraction

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20
Q

venctriuclar premature complexes (VPCs)

A

contraction starts in the ventricles

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21
Q

atrial flutter

A

fast but organized contraction rate of atria

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22
Q

atrial fibrilation

A

no organized contraction of the atria
* ventricles fast and irregular

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23
Q

ventricular fibrilation

A

no organized contraction of the ventricles
* no blood is being pumped - death

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24
Q

AV block

A

problems with spread of depolarization getting through the AV node

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25
Q

first degree AV block

A

long PR interval

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26
Q

second degree, type I AV block

A

PR interval lengthens until conduction faisl - P wave with no QRS complex

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27
Q

second degree, type II AV block

A

PR interval is long but constant

28
Q

third degree AV block

A

no conduction gets through AV node
no connection between the P wave and QRS complex

29
Q

determinants of resistance

A

viscosity
tube length
tube radius

30
Q

MAP =

A

CO x TPR

31
Q

CO =

A

HR x SV

32
Q

angiotensin II

A

general vasoconstriction
increased BP

33
Q

vasopressin (ADH)

A

general vasoconstriction
increase BP

34
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

general vasodilation
* decrease blood pressure

35
Q

what hapens when ventrciles contract

A

ventricular pressure increase - AV valves close - SL valves open - blood flows into arteries (ejection)

36
Q

what happens when ventricles relax

A

ventricular pressure decreases - SL valves close - AV valves open - blood flows into ventricles (filling)

37
Q

which way does ventricular depolarization spread

A

endocardium -> myocardium -> epidcardium

38
Q

which way does repolarization spread

A

epicardium -> myocardium -> endocardium

39
Q

ventricular systole

A

ventricles contracted (systolic pressure)

40
Q

ventricular diastole

A

ventricle relaxed (diastolic pressure)

41
Q

atrial systole

A

atria contracted

42
Q

atrial diastole

A

atria relaxed

43
Q

what happens during isovolumetric contraction

A

ventricular pressure is increased
all valves are closed, no change in volume

44
Q

ejection

A

SL valves open
AV valves closed

45
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected each heart beat

46
Q

ejection fraction

A

fraction of blood ejected each heart beat

47
Q

isvolumetric relaxtion

A

SL valves close
AV valves closed

48
Q

ventricular filling

A

AV valves open
SL valves closed

49
Q

rapid filling

A

when ventricular pressure first falls below atrial pressure (AV valves open)

50
Q

slow filling

A

after rapid filling, filling continues but only at the rate of venous return

51
Q

atrial contraction

A

atrial systole - after slow filling - atria contract
*extra push of blood into the ventricles

52
Q

atrial contraction

A

atrial systole - after slow filling - atria contract
*extra push of blood into the ventricles

53
Q

first heart sound

A

AV valves close

54
Q

second heart sound

A

SL valves open

55
Q

third heart sound

A

when AV valves open

56
Q

third heart sound

A

when AV valves open

57
Q

fourth heart sound

A

atrial contraction (AV valves still open)

58
Q

phase 0 of cardiac action potential

A

rapid depol
* opening of voltage gated Na+ channels
* required delp to threshold by spread through gap junction

59
Q

phase 1 of cardiac action potential

A

slight repolarization
* voltage gated Na+ channels close (inactivate)
* transient outward rectifier K+ channels open

59
Q

phase 2 of cardiac action potential

A

plateau phase
* balance of Ca++ and K+ channels keep Vm=0
* voltage gated Ca++ channels open (L-Type)
* delayed outward rectifier K+ channels open
*

60
Q

phase 3 of cardiac action potential

A

repolarization
* L-type Ca++ channels close (inactivate)
* delayed outward rectifier K+ channel dominates

61
Q

phase 4 of cardiac action potential

A

resting membrane potential
* inward rectifier K+ channel open- but carries outward K+ current
* keeps Vm at about -85 mM

62
Q

phase 0 of pacemaker cell

A

rising phase
* open voltage gated Ca++ channels (l-type)
* no voltage gated Na+ channels - slower rising phase

63
Q

phase 3 of pacemaker cells

A

repolarization
* voltage gated Ca++ close
* delayed outward rectifier K+ channels open

64
Q

phase 4 of pacemaker cells

A

spontaneous depolarization
* increased Na+ perm - funny Na+ channels open
* decreased K+ perm - delayed outward rectifier K+ channels close
* increased Ca++ perm - t-type Ca++ channels open

65
Q

SV is determined by 3 factors:

A
  1. preload: how much blood goes in
  2. contractility: actual beating of heart
  3. afterload: blood pressure

Physiology Final (5 decks)

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