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Physiology Final > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what band does not change in length during contraction (sarcomere)

A

A band

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2
Q

what decreases in length during contraction (sarcomere)

A
  • sarcomere
  • I-band
  • H-zone
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3
Q

S1 region of thick filament

A

where thin filament binds
where ATP binds

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4
Q

S2 region of thick filament

A

flexible link between the head and tail region (bends during contraction)

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5
Q

what are the three binding sites on troponin

A

calcium, actin, tropomyosin

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6
Q

where does most of the calcium come from in skeletal muscle

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

is skeletal muscle thin or thick filament regulated

A

thin filament regulated

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8
Q

smooth muscle characteristics

A
  • not striated, no sarcomeres
  • contains thick and think filaments
  • use sliding filament mechanism for contraction (think along thick)
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9
Q

mechanism of latch state

A
  1. cross-bridge cycling is very slow - so slow that it is more like thin and thick are stuck together
  2. a protein forms a link between thick and thin filaments - caldesmon
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10
Q

sympathetic releases

A

NE

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11
Q

parasympathetic releases

A

ACh

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12
Q

enteric nervous system releases

A

NE, ACh, and many other NTs

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13
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle

A
  1. heart is a hollow organ (smooth)
  2. coordinated contractions (smooth)
  3. fast contractions, short duration (skeletal)
  4. contains sarcomeres (skeletal)
  5. controlled by ANS and hormones (smooth)
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14
Q

where does Ca++ come from in cardaic muscle

A

outside cell and SR

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15
Q

where does Ca++ come from in smooth muscle

A

SR

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16
Q

which type of muscle involves calcium influx from the extracellular fluid during contractio n

A

cardiac and smooth muscle

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17
Q

which type of muscle involves calcium induced caclium release from the SR during contraction

A

cardiac and smooth muscle

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18
Q

re-entry arrythmias

A

due to slow or blocked conduction

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19
Q

atrial premature complexes (APCs)

A

area of atria other than SA node causes contraction

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20
Q

venctriuclar premature complexes (VPCs)

A

contraction starts in the ventricles

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21
Q

atrial flutter

A

fast but organized contraction rate of atria

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22
Q

atrial fibrilation

A

no organized contraction of the atria
* ventricles fast and irregular

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23
Q

ventricular fibrilation

A

no organized contraction of the ventricles
* no blood is being pumped - death

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24
Q

AV block

A

problems with spread of depolarization getting through the AV node

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25
first degree AV block
long PR interval
26
second degree, type I AV block
PR interval lengthens until conduction faisl - P wave with no QRS complex
27
second degree, type II AV block
PR interval is long but constant
28
third degree AV block
no conduction gets through AV node no connection between the P wave and QRS complex
29
determinants of resistance
viscosity tube length tube radius
30
MAP =
CO x TPR
31
CO =
HR x SV
32
angiotensin II
general vasoconstriction increased BP
33
vasopressin (ADH)
general vasoconstriction increase BP
34
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
general vasodilation * decrease blood pressure
35
what hapens when ventrciles contract
ventricular pressure increase - AV valves close - SL valves open - blood flows into arteries (ejection)
36
what happens when ventricles relax
ventricular pressure decreases - SL valves close - AV valves open - blood flows into ventricles (filling)
37
which way does ventricular depolarization spread
endocardium -> myocardium -> epidcardium
38
which way does repolarization spread
epicardium -> myocardium -> endocardium
39
ventricular systole
ventricles contracted (systolic pressure)
40
ventricular diastole
ventricle relaxed (diastolic pressure)
41
atrial systole
atria contracted
42
atrial diastole
atria relaxed
43
what happens during isovolumetric contraction
ventricular pressure is increased all valves are closed, no change in volume
44
ejection
SL valves open AV valves closed
45
stroke volume
amount of blood ejected each heart beat
46
ejection fraction
fraction of blood ejected each heart beat
47
isvolumetric relaxtion
SL valves close AV valves closed
48
ventricular filling
AV valves open SL valves closed
49
rapid filling
when ventricular pressure first falls below atrial pressure (AV valves open)
50
slow filling
after rapid filling, filling continues but only at the rate of venous return
51
atrial contraction
atrial systole - after slow filling - atria contract *extra push of blood into the ventricles
52
atrial contraction
atrial systole - after slow filling - atria contract *extra push of blood into the ventricles
53
first heart sound
AV valves close
54
second heart sound
SL valves open
55
third heart sound
when AV valves open
56
third heart sound
when AV valves open
57
fourth heart sound
atrial contraction (AV valves still open)
58
phase 0 of cardiac action potential
rapid depol * opening of voltage gated Na+ channels * required delp to threshold by spread through gap junction
59
phase 1 of cardiac action potential
slight repolarization * voltage gated Na+ channels close (inactivate) * transient outward rectifier K+ channels open
59
phase 2 of cardiac action potential
plateau phase * balance of Ca++ and K+ channels keep Vm=0 * voltage gated Ca++ channels open (L-Type) * delayed outward rectifier K+ channels open *
60
phase 3 of cardiac action potential
repolarization * L-type Ca++ channels close (inactivate) * delayed outward rectifier K+ channel dominates
61
phase 4 of cardiac action potential
resting membrane potential * inward rectifier K+ channel open- but carries outward K+ current * keeps Vm at about -85 mM
62
phase 0 of pacemaker cell
rising phase * open voltage gated Ca++ channels (l-type) * no voltage gated Na+ channels - slower rising phase
63
phase 3 of pacemaker cells
repolarization * voltage gated Ca++ close * delayed outward rectifier K+ channels open
64
phase 4 of pacemaker cells
spontaneous depolarization * increased Na+ perm - funny Na+ channels open * decreased K+ perm - delayed outward rectifier K+ channels close * increased Ca++ perm - t-type Ca++ channels open
65
SV is determined by 3 factors:
1. preload: how much blood goes in 2. contractility: actual beating of heart 3. afterload: blood pressure

Physiology Final (5 decks)

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