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Physiology Final > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what causes a fever

A

increase in thermoregulatory set point

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2
Q

what increases the regulatory set point of the body

A

prostaglandin

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3
Q

response to cold

A

decrease blood flow to the skin

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4
Q

response to heat

A

increase blood flow to skin

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5
Q

what is there an increase in during sweating

A

ACh, Bradykinin

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6
Q

is the symp NS increased or decreased when responding to heat

A

decreased (Ep)

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7
Q

what hormone/NT is increased when responding to cold

A

NE

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8
Q

properties of carrier mediated transport

A
  • saturation - transport maximum (only so many carriers)
  • chemical specificity - the binding site for specific solutes
  • competition
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9
Q

depolarizaton (more or less -)

A

less -

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10
Q

hyperpolarization (more or less -)

A

more -

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11
Q

why is membrane potential negative?

A
  • the Na+, K+ pump (3 Na out, 2 K in)
  • the membrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+
  • A- (organic anions) are impermeable and are therefore trapped inside along the membrane
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12
Q

what is membrane potential usualy?

A

-70 mV

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13
Q

ENa+

A

+61 mV

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14
Q

EK+

A

-90 mV

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15
Q

ECl-

A

-61 mV

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16
Q

absolute refractory period

A

when voltage-gated Na+ channels are already opening or inactivated
* cannot get another AP

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17
Q

Relative refractory period

A

occurs when the me,brane is in the after-hyperpolarization phage
* AP can occur, more difficult because Vm is further away from threshold

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18
Q

myelinated axons

A

AP jumps from node to node, only form AP at each node

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19
Q

non-myelinated axons

A

AP can’t go backward

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20
Q

EPSP (exitatory postsynaptic potential)

A

increase probability of AP
* NT bind to a receptor that causes depolarization
* open Na+ or Ca++ channel
* close K+ channel

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21
Q

can EPSP reach threshold?

A

only if there is summation, alone one EPSP cannot reach threshold

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22
Q

IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

A

decreases the probability of an AP
* NT bind to a receptor and causes hyperpolarization
* close Na+ or Ca++ channel
* open K+ channel

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23
Q

what happens if a Cl- channel opens?

A

Vm goes twoard -61 mV
* always inhibitory because it acts to clamp Vm at a potential hyperpolarized from threshold potential

24
Q

spatial summation

A

APs are arriving at many synapses on one neuron with postsynaptic potentials summating

24
Q

temporal summation

A

APs coming down one axon rapid enough for postsynaptic potentials to summate at that synapse

25
Q

anterograde

A

from soma

26
Q

retrograde

A

toward soma

27
Q

substance P

A

pain transmission

28
Q

what blocks substance P release

A

opioids

29
Q

glutamate

A

main excitatory NT in the brain and spinal cord

30
Q

AMPA receptor

A

open Na+ channels

30
Q

NMDA receptor

A

open Ca++ channels

31
Q

what does Ca++ do

A

changes spine shape (makes synapses stronger)
only happens when strong activation of synapse -AMPA receptor

32
Q

what happens if there is too much Ca++ influx

A

neuronal death

33
Q

GABA

A

main inhibitory NT in the brain

34
Q

GABAa

A

open Cl- channel (post synaptic)

35
Q

GABAb

A

open K+ channel (presynaptic)

36
Q

glycine

A

main inhibitory NT in spinal cord

37
Q

NE acts on

A

alpha and beta receptors

38
Q

nictotinic receptors (nACh)

A

ionotropic (alter ion channels)

39
Q

muscarinic receptors (mACh)

A

metabotropic (alter 2nd messangers)

40
Q

cessation of transmitter action

A
  • enzymatic destruction
  • reuptake
  • diffusion
  • receptor desensitation
41
Q

transduction

A

sensory information is converted into an electrical signal

42
Q

receptor/generator potentials

A

graded potential that is generated at the sensory receptor
*it must cause an AP to sense the stimulus

43
Q

adaptation

A

decrease in generator during a consant stimulus

44
Q

accomodation

A

increase in threshold needed to produce an AP
* caused by inactivation of voltage gated Na+ channels
* shifts threshold to a more depolarized point (harder to reach threshold)

45
Q

lateral inhibition

A

inhibition of information from neighboring receptors - the strong signal

46
Q

does the parasymp division of ANS have a long or short preganglionic axon

A

long

47
Q

does the symp division of the ANS have a long or short preganglionic axon

A

short

48
Q

which division acts through the adrenal medualla

A

symp division

49
Q

function of basal ganglia

A

involuntary adjustment to voluntary movement

50
Q

function of cerebellum

A

receives input form cortez + sensory
* compares postural reflexes
* learned movement (stored)

51
Q

function of cerebral motor cortex

A

voluntary control

52
Q

synapse

A
  • neuron to neuron
  • many different NTs possible
  • summation required to initiate an action potential
  • may be excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP)
53
Q

neuromuscular junction

A
  • neuron to skeletal muscle fiber
  • NT is always ACh
  • no summation - AP in axon causes an EPP which causes an AP in the skeletal muscle fiber
  • always excitatory - EPP is always a depolarization
54
Q

role of gamma-mn

A

when gamma-mn is firing when the muscle is shortened, the stretch receptor continues firing

Physiology Final (5 decks)

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