Unit 1

Question 1

what causes a fever

Answer 1

increase in thermoregulatory set point

Question 2

what increases the regulatory set point of the body

Answer 2

prostaglandin

Question 3

response to cold

Answer 3

decrease blood flow to the skin

Question 4

response to heat

Answer 4

increase blood flow to skin

Question 5

what is there an increase in during sweating

Answer 5

ACh, Bradykinin

Question 6

is the symp NS increased or decreased when responding to heat

Answer 6

decreased (Ep)

Question 7

what hormone/NT is increased when responding to cold

Answer 7

NE

Question 8

properties of carrier mediated transport

Answer 8

• saturation - transport maximum (only so many carriers)
• chemical specificity - the binding site for specific solutes
• competition

Question 9

depolarizaton (more or less -)

Answer 9

less -

Question 10

hyperpolarization (more or less -)

Answer 10

more -

Question 11

why is membrane potential negative?

Answer 11

• the Na+, K+ pump (3 Na out, 2 K in)
• the membrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+
• A- (organic anions) are impermeable and are therefore trapped inside along the membrane

Question 12

what is membrane potential usualy?

Answer 12

-70 mV

Question 13

ENa+

Answer 13

+61 mV

Question 14

EK+

Answer 14

-90 mV

Question 15

ECl-

Answer 15

-61 mV

Question 16

absolute refractory period

Answer 16

when voltage-gated Na+ channels are already opening or inactivated
* cannot get another AP

Question 17

Relative refractory period

Answer 17

occurs when the me,brane is in the after-hyperpolarization phage
* AP can occur, more difficult because Vm is further away from threshold

Question 18

myelinated axons

Answer 18

AP jumps from node to node, only form AP at each node

Question 19

non-myelinated axons

Answer 19

AP can’t go backward

Question 20

EPSP (exitatory postsynaptic potential)

Answer 20

increase probability of AP
* NT bind to a receptor that causes depolarization
* open Na+ or Ca++ channel
* close K+ channel

Question 21

can EPSP reach threshold?

Answer 21

only if there is summation, alone one EPSP cannot reach threshold

Question 22

IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

Answer 22

decreases the probability of an AP
* NT bind to a receptor and causes hyperpolarization
* close Na+ or Ca++ channel
* open K+ channel

Question 23

what happens if a Cl- channel opens?

Answer 23

Vm goes twoard -61 mV
* always inhibitory because it acts to clamp Vm at a potential hyperpolarized from threshold potential

Question 24

spatial summation

Answer 24

APs are arriving at many synapses on one neuron with postsynaptic potentials summating

Question 24

temporal summation

Answer 24

APs coming down one axon rapid enough for postsynaptic potentials to summate at that synapse

Question 25

anterograde

Answer 25

from soma

Question 26

retrograde

Answer 26

toward soma

Question 27

substance P

Answer 27

pain transmission

Question 28

what blocks substance P release

Answer 28

opioids

Question 29

glutamate

Answer 29

main excitatory NT in the brain and spinal cord

Question 30

AMPA receptor

Answer 30

open Na+ channels

Question 30

NMDA receptor

Answer 30

open Ca++ channels

Question 31

what does Ca++ do

Answer 31

changes spine shape (makes synapses stronger) only happens when strong activation of synapse -AMPA receptor

Question 32

what happens if there is too much Ca++ influx

Answer 32

neuronal death

Question 33

GABA

Answer 33

main inhibitory NT in the brain

Question 34

GABAa

Answer 34

open Cl- channel (post synaptic)

Question 35

GABAb

Answer 35

open K+ channel (presynaptic)

Question 36

glycine

Answer 36

main inhibitory NT in spinal cord

Question 37

NE acts on

Answer 37

alpha and beta receptors

Question 38

nictotinic receptors (nACh)

Answer 38

ionotropic (alter ion channels)

Question 39

muscarinic receptors (mACh)

Answer 39

metabotropic (alter 2nd messangers)

Question 40

cessation of transmitter action

Answer 40

* enzymatic destruction * reuptake * diffusion * receptor desensitation

Question 41

transduction

Answer 41

sensory information is converted into an electrical signal

Question 42

receptor/generator potentials

Answer 42

graded potential that is generated at the sensory receptor *it must cause an AP to sense the stimulus

Question 43

adaptation

Answer 43

decrease in generator during a consant stimulus

Question 44

accomodation

Answer 44

increase in threshold needed to produce an AP * caused by inactivation of voltage gated Na+ channels * shifts threshold to a more depolarized point (harder to reach threshold)

Question 45

lateral inhibition

Answer 45

inhibition of information from neighboring receptors - the strong signal

Question 46

does the parasymp division of ANS have a long or short preganglionic axon

Answer 46

long

Question 47

does the symp division of the ANS have a long or short preganglionic axon

Answer 47

short

Question 48

which division acts through the adrenal medualla

Answer 48

symp division

Question 49

function of basal ganglia

Answer 49

involuntary adjustment to voluntary movement

Question 50

function of cerebellum

Answer 50

receives input form cortez + sensory * compares postural reflexes * learned movement (stored)

Question 51

function of cerebral motor cortex

Answer 51

voluntary control

Question 52

synapse

Answer 52

* neuron to neuron * many different NTs possible * summation required to initiate an action potential * may be excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP)

Question 53

neuromuscular junction

Answer 53

* neuron to skeletal muscle fiber * NT is always ACh * no summation - AP in axon causes an EPP which causes an AP in the skeletal muscle fiber * always excitatory - EPP is always a depolarization

Question 54

role of gamma-mn

Answer 54

when gamma-mn is firing when the muscle is shortened, the stretch receptor continues firing