unit 5

Question 1

abolition movement

Answer 1

The movement to end slavery. Led by many such as Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, and many others. LO 2: Slavery was an idea similar to social Darwinism, where a majority group thinks they are superior, so enlightenment pushed the idea of freedom and equality.

Question 2

empiricism

Answer 2

The theory that knowledge comes from not only experiments but experience and science. Created by John Locke. LO 1: Enlightenment sparked the conversation of allowing science to be a rational reason to make choices and experiment.

Question 3

suffrage movement

Answer 3

A movement led by many women such as Elizabeth Stanton, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Susan B Anthony. The Seneca Falls convention started the movement to allow women to vote. LO 2: The enlightenment allowed for a more open mindset, giving women the perfect opportunity to present themselves as equal to men.

Question 4

enlightenment

Answer 4

A focus on doing things without needing a reason or because God was rationalizing the decisions. Led to the formation of many principles involving freedom of speech and anything monetary. LO 1: The idea replaced the importance of religion with science (although religion was still important). This idea spread quickly as people did not want to have to have religious reasoning for every action.

Question 5

American revolution

Answer 5

Revolutions were led by people such as George Washington, John Adams, and Ben Franklin. It was caused by the ruling of Britain and America wanting complete freedom. This resulted in the Declaration of Independence. LO 3: Social and political unjust created a need for revolt against the colonizing country.

Question 6

bolivar revolutions

Answer 6

AKA the Latin American Revolutions, led by Simon Bolivar, who helped lead 5 countries into independence. Started because of Spanish colonial rule in many Latin American countries. LO 3: Colonial rule became not only economic but social and impacted the lives of the citizens under colonial Spanish rule.

Question 7

classical liberalism

Answer 7

An ideal created by John Locke and influenced by John Stuart Mill during the industrial revolution. It focused on free markets, limited government control, and equality. LO 3: Enlightenment ideas inspired the creation of classical liberalism because people did not have to have exact reasoning for their actions and could more freely express themselves and conduct business.

Question 8

french revolution

Answer 8

Happened during a time when Enlightenment ideals were popular and changed the way people thought. The nobility of the country rebelled against the king and government in an attempt to create a national assembly to make the government at least a little fairer. After much resistance, the king was forced to accept it. The Declaration of Rights was created as a result. LO 3: The nobility had very little rights and power to vote on issues that affected them, leading them to revolt against their government.

Question 9

haitian revolution

Answer 9

Led by Toussaint Louverture for the Haitians and Napoleon Bonaparte for the French. Started by freed slaves and resulted in independence. The Haitian Constitutions and Declarations of Independence were created as a result. LO 3: Caused by slavery and social unrest against the Haitians. It created independence for the former colony.

Question 10

nationalism

Answer 10

Pride for one’s country or of the country itself. Often started because of competition to be “better” than another country. Germans wanted to unify because they felt that the split they had within their nation made them look weaker. Italy had strong nationalism for economic purposes. Argentina’s nationalism was caused by an increase in Italians in their country, leaving them to be very prideful of their Argentinian culture. LO 3: competition to be the more powerful country led the revolutions and urges to be prideful.

Question 11

fossil fuels revolution

Answer 11

The very large use of fossil fuels that changed the way machines were used. Fossil fuels became more readily available for use by humans in factories. LO 6: the fossil fuels made technology such as machinery used in factories work for longer periods of time, lessening the time in between the production of goods, increasing productivity.

Question 12

causes of industrialization

Answer 12

Nationalism, capitalism, and a need to modernize for more money were some causes of industrialization. By industrializing, a country would be ahead in both income and power. Capitalism created a need for companies to compete with each other and led to the creation of working/lower classes. LO 4: Outside forces put pressure on the economy to grow and become more powerful, leading to nationalism and competition between and within countries.

Question 13

factory system

Answer 13

A system developed during the Industrial Revolution that depends on the work of men, women, and kids that work unreasonable hours with very low pay to create more labor output. It also divided work into machinery and human labor. LO 4: Machines created large amounts of pollution, which not only hurt humans but encouraged companies to divide labor between the machines themselves and humans who needed work.

Question 14

internal combustion engine

Answer 14

An engine created by 4 scientists that burns oil or gas through hot air within the engine. LO 6: Made modes of transportation work more dependable and therefore faster.

Question 15

industrial communication

Answer 15

Connections that make industrialization and communication easier and quicker, such as the railroad, which transports goods much faster, the telegraph, which communicates information almost instantly, and the steamship. LO 6: Improvements in transportation create easier communication and less waiting time.

Question 16

second agricultural revolution

Answer 16

A revolution that brought about the extended use of chemicals in agriculture, and increased labor yields. LO 6: More labor meant increased profits and more exports that could make money for the country or company.

Question 17

steam engine

Answer 17

Engine powered by steam developed during the industrial revolution. LO 6: The engine helped speed up the mechanical process as well as use less natural resources.

Question 18

industrialization

Answer 18

The modernization and urbanization of a country’s economic, social, and political processes that make industry work more efficient. LO 5: Industrialization shifted work from agriculture to industry, and created an increase in nationalism and economic competiton.

Question 19

meiji restoration

Answer 19

Similar to the self-strengthening movement, the Meiji restoration was an attempt to make Japan more modern yet against foreign influence. The restoration ended the feudal system. LO 7: They used western strategies to modernize, even though Japan was completely against any foreign influence.

Question 20

muhammad ali

Answer 20

known as the father of modern Egypt. He ended Mamluk’s rule and eventually led the country with policies that changed the economy and military. LO 7: HIs strategies that got rid of the Mamluk encouraged the Egyptians to keep him as their ruler.

Question 21

capitalism

Answer 21

Created by Adam Smith, the idea that companies and property are privately owned with minimal government inclusion. LO 8: contradicted communism, and was born off of enlightenment ideals.

Question 22

stock market

Answer 22

An exchange of shares in a company or brand that can be international or national. LO 8: Created more economic flow during the industrial revolution.

Question 23

transnational business

Answer 23

A business that creates business from multiple countries/regions at a time. Examples of this are the United Fruit Company, which utilized fruit from Latin America and sold it under American and European traders, and the HSBC, a bank set up in Hong Kong when it was under British rule. LO 8: Industrialization increased demand for colonization, and stealing from less powerful countries was easy for industrialized countries such as Britain and the US.

Question 24

self-strengthening movement

Answer 24

A movement in China that followed the social and cultural modernization/westernization of their practices, in an attempt to become more powerful and resist colonization. LO 9: Industrialization made countries that had access to such modern technology extremely powerful over countries that did not, so China had to adopt the practices of their competitors across the globe.

Question 25

communism

Answer 25

Created by Karl Marx, a theory that people work according to what they are good at, and property is publicly owned. It aimed to create a society without classes. LO 9: The government was mostly in control and no one could be overly wealthy, which is what was happening with the factory system.

Question 26

labor unions

Answer 26

Unions created by workers aimed at protecting their rights and demanding fairness in the workplace. LO 9: the factory system led to the poor treatment of workers, which encouraged them to protest their rights as people and not just workers doing the dirty work of the rich company owners.

Question 27

socialism

Answer 27

An idea created by Karl Marx. It was focused more on the economy than the government. The idea is that public access to resources and money leads to equality. LO 9: The enlightenment led to two different types of ideals: freedom and strong government rule. Socialism falls more under strong government rule as it focuses less on a person’s right to do what they want with their money.

Question 28

Taiping rebellion

Answer 28

Rebellion within the Qing dynasty led to the death of over 20 million people. The lack of a strong central government created the rebellion. It aimed to end foreign influence. It was fought between the Manchu and Qing. LO 9: The result was the end of the Manchu rule and the deaths of many who fought in the war, which is considered one of the deadliest in history.

Question 29

tanzimat reforms

Answer 29

Reforms that were intended to maintain the Ottoman Empire and modernize it. They were based on industrial ideals, but very loosely because they were publically against westernization. Some reforms included the development of a new school system, a new way of organizing the militia, and new laws to maintain peace. LO 9: The Ottoman was falling and the only attempt the leaders could make to save it was to go against their beliefs and modernize their ways of living.

Question 30

cult of domesticity

Answer 30

Women were seen as people who had to complete tasks in the home (mostly due to motherhood), keeping them inside the “cult” of home and family life. LO 10: men were the more common workers in factories, so women had to stay home and raise the children and care for the home.

Question 31

new social classes

Answer 31

Capitalism led to the formation of the working and middle classes. The upper classes took a majority of the incomes made by a company or labor force, and workers got paid very minimally for intense labor. LO 10: Workers, both migrants and economically unstable, had to take any work they could get, and that was mostly factory work, where they did extremely intense tasks for very very little pay.

Question 32

urbanization

Answer 32

The process of making an area more urban. Occurred during the industrial revolution as the economy shifted from agricultural to industrial. LO 10: Labor systems created harsh living conditions as urbanization created more crowded living quarters, leading to sickness and overpopulation in cities.