Unit 5 Flashcards
Abolition movement
the movement chiefly responsible for creating the emotional climate necessary for ending the transatlantic slave trade and chattel slavery
Empiricism
the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science
Enlightenment
a philosophical movement of the 18th century marked by a rejection of traditional social, religious, and political ideas and an emphasis on rationalism
Suffrage movement
Started with the Seneca Falls convention that worked to educate the public on the validity and importance of women suffrage; many works were written such as “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” by Wollstonecraft
American Revolution
Led by people such as George Washington and Benjamin Franklin; many battles such as Fort Ticonderoga and Yorktown occurred in revolution to new taxes as opposed to relative autonomy prior to the 7 Year War; documents include the failed Articles of Confederation and revolutionary Constitution
Bolivar Revolutions
Simon Bolivar was one leader during this time that led the main war as “The Liberator”; revolts with warfare, such as the Battle of Maipu, due to the social tensions between creoles and peninsulares; the main document influencing the revolutions was the Monroe Doctrine
Classical Liberalism
ideology from the industrial middle class with proponents such as John Stuart Mill; ideas included increased male suffrage and laissez-faire economics
French Revolution
Caused by inequality among classes, financial debt, and Enlightenment ideas; radical leader Robespierre led the Reign of Terror, but mainly lead by peasants; the Storming of Bastille, execution of Louis XVI and Marie; documents include the DORMAC based on Enlightenment ideals
Haitian Revolution
The slave revolution in which slaves revolted for freedom and emancipations led by Toussaint Louverture and Jacques Dessalines; fought at the Battle of Vertières and won more and more; signed away Louisiana during the Louisiana purchase to the US
Nationalism
The ideology that supports the identity with one’s own nation with a common language, history, and religion; occurred in Germany under Otto Van Bismark to unify, in Italy with Cavour and Garibaldi using warfare, and Argentine nationalism during the Civil Wars and the War for Independence
Causes of Industrialization
the emergence of capitalism, European imperialism, efforts to mine coal, and the effects of the Agricultural Revolution.
Factory system
a method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labour
Industrialization
the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale
Fossil Fuels Revolution
describes the remarkable new energy resources being obtained from shale gas and tight oil through a combination of directional drilling and staged hydraulic fracturing, opening up substantial new energy reserves for the 21st Century
Industrial Communication
The Industrial Revolution came with many communicative innovations such as the railroad and steamships providing a faster movement of goods and the telegraph allowing people to communicate through Morse code
Internal Combustion Engine
An engine that generates mechanical energy by burning gasoline, oil, or other fuel that combusts in order to push a piston that moves the vehicle or product that requires movement
Second Industrial Revolution
Witnessed the expansion of steel, electricity, and electricity in society by reducing the cost for their creation such as steel being used for construction projects and electricity in the lightbulb instead of gas lamps
Steam engine
Technological innovation of the Industrial Revolution, improved by James Watt in 1778, that allowed factories to be located anywhere, not just rivers, and could be used for easier navigation by reliable power and power large machinery
Meiji Restoration
The period in 1868 in which the emperor was restored to the highest position instead of the shogun; led to a highly centralized government, a parliament, education, advanced industry and a powerful naval and military power
Muhammad Ali
Governor of Egypt that began taking control, but still under the Ottomans, by taking over the Mamluks and reestablishing a military using the European model to control more land such as Sudan in the South
Capitalism
An economic system and political system, created by Adam Smith, in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners and individuals rather than by the central government which allows for a greater independence and flow of goods such as in the US and Australia; similar to a Laissez-Faire market
Stock Market
Similar to joint-stock companies in which individuals, or investors, buy and sell investments (stocks) which are shares of ownership in a public company or enterprise
Transnational Business
A commercial enterprise in which a company has substantial facilities and factories in more than one country; allows responsiveness to local markets at a given time. The United Fruit Company traded tropical fruit grown on Latin American plantations and sold in the US; the HSBC benefited greatly from opium trade and trade into China
Communism
Karl Marx’s last step in government reform; a political, social, and economic ideology structured upon a common ownership that would eliminate issues between the socioeconomic classes; government owns everything
