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AP Human Geography > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Agribusiness

A

Agribusiness. Definition: Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

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2
Q

Agricultural Health

A

Agricultural safety and health is an aspect of occupational safety and health in the agricultural workplace.

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3
Q

Agricultural Landscapes

A

AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE. the land that is used to farm on and what is chosen to put on the fields.

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4
Q

Agriculture

A

Agriculture. The raising of animals or the growing of crops on tended land to obtain food for primary consumption by a farmer’s family or for sale off the farm.

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5
Q

Agrosystem

A

An agroecosystem is the basic unit of study in agroecology, and is somewhat arbitrarily defined as a spatially and functionally coherent unit of agricultural activity, and includes the living and nonliving components involved in that unit as well as their interactions.

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6
Q

Aquaculture

A

Explanation: “Aquaculture” is the name given to all farming and rearing of fish and marine plants that does not fall under the category of fishing

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7
Q

Aquifers

A

Aquifers. Subterranean, porous, water-holding rocks that provide millions of wells with steady flows of water.

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8
Q

Bid-rent theory

A

The bid rent theory is a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases.

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9
Q

Biodiversity

A

Biodiversity. The number of different species within a specific habitat. Biomass fuel. Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste.

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10
Q

Biotechnology

A

The term “biotechnology” is applied to any technological innovation that is designed to improve the usefulness of plant and animals species for human agricultural purposes.

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11
Q

Boserup’s Theory

A

Esther Boserup is a famous agricultural geographer. Her theory is based on the premise that population growth is a positive force in agricultural innovation, that it drives technology forward.

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12
Q

Cash Crop

A

A “cash crop” is an agricultural crop that is purposely made strictly to be sold in a market environment for as much money as possible.

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13
Q

Central business district (CBD)

A

Explanation: The central business district (CBD) is where a large amount of businesses are located.

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14
Q

Climate regions

A

Climatic region refers to a continuous geographic area in which similar climate characteristics are observed.

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15
Q

Clustered settlement

A

Clustered rural settlement. a rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.

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16
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

Columbian Exchange. The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages.

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17
Q

Commercial Agriculture

A

Commercial Agriculture: A form of agriculture undertaken in order to generate products for sale off of the farm in order to make a profit

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18
Q

Commodity Chain

A

Definition. Commodity chain. Series of links connecting the main places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market.

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19
Q

Contour Plowing

A

Contour Plowing. An agricultural technique in which plowing and harvesting are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land, in order to prevent erosion. Crop Rotation.

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20
Q

Crop

A

crop. Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.

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21
Q

Crop rotation

A

Crop rotation: The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.

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22
Q

Dairying

A

dairying. an agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter. domestication.

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23
Q

Debt-For-Nature Swaps

A

Debt-for-nature swap. When agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the ocuntry will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources.

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24
Q

Deforestation

A

Deforestation is the destruction of forest or forested areas by human or natural means.

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25
Q

Desertification

A

The term “desertification” is used to describe the process by which previously fertile lands become arid and unusable for farming.

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26
Q

Dispersed settlement

A

dispersed settlement pattern. A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

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27
Q

Domestication

A

Domestication is the process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use.

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28
Q

Double-cropping

A

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Double Cropping.

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29
Q

Dual Agricultural Economy

A

Dual Economy. The existence of two separate economic sectors within one country, divided by different levels of development, technology, and different patterns of demand.

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30
Q

Economy of Scale

A

Economies of scale are the reduction in the per unit cost of production as the volume of production increases

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31
Q

Enclosure System

A

individual farm houses lying far apart; Midwestern U.S. enclosure. process of taking over and fencing off land once shared by peasant farmers. erosion.

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32
Q

Extensive agriculture

A

extensive agriculture. yields a large amount of output per acre through less intensive farming (uses a large amount of land) intensive subsistence agriculture. a form of subsistence agriculture where farmers expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum crop yield. extensive subsistence agriculture.

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33
Q

Fair Trade

A

Fair trade is a concept used in developing countries to help create sustainability.

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34
Q

Farm Subsidies

A

An agricultural subsidy is a government incentive paid to agribusinesses, agricultural organizations and farms to supplement their income, manage the supply of agricultural commodities, and influence the cost and supply of such commodities.

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35
Q

Feedlot

A

Feedlots. Places where livestock are concentrated in very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing; often referred to factory farms.

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36
Q

Fertile Crescent

A

The Fertile Crescent is a region of land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East (much of modern day Iraq, Syria, and Jordan

37
Q

First Agricultural Revolution

A

The First Agricultural Revolution was the transition from hunting and gathering to planting and sustaining.

38
Q

Food Deserts

A

Food deserts are areas with little or no access to healthy and affordable food or limited or no access to fresh fruits and vegetables.

39
Q

Food Insecurity

A

People who do not know where their next meals are coming from are called “food insecure.”

40
Q

Food Security

A

“Food security” is a term used by agricultural geographers to refer to the ability of a population or a social community to reliably access enough nutrition to survive and flourish.

41
Q

Foragers

A

hunter-gatherer, also called forager, any person who depends primarily on wild foods for subsistence.

42
Q

Genetically Modified Organisms

A

The acronym GMO stands for “Genetically Modified Organism.” It is used in common parlance to refer to a crop whose genetic structure has been altered to make it more useful and efficient for human purposes

43
Q

Global Supply Chains

A

global supply chains. the continuous buying and selling of goods and services, covers all the steps needed to get a good or service from supplier to consumer.

44
Q

Grain

A

Grain. Definition: Seed of a cereal grass

45
Q

Green Revolution

A

The Green Revolution was a response to an exponential increase in the global human population (from 2.5 billion in 1950 to 6 billion in 2000) and advances in technology that allowed for the mass production of chemical fertilizers (e.g. the development of the Haber-Bosch process).

46
Q

Horticulture

A

Horticulture. Definition: The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

47
Q

Hybrid

A

At their most basic, hybrid geographies are places, organisms, or other entities that cannot or should not be readily characterized by any single category

48
Q

Infrastructure

A

infrastructure. the basic structure or features of a system or organization. comparative advantage

49
Q

Intensive agriculture

A

intensive agriculture. a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

50
Q

Intertillage

A

INTERTILLAGE. In shifting cultivation, spreads out production over the farming season by planting different crops in the same field. PASTORALISM.

51
Q

Linear settlement

A

inear rural settlements comprise buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications.

52
Q

Market gardening

A

Market Gardening – The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local.

53
Q

Mediterranean agriculture

A

Mediterranean Agriculture. Agriculture practiced in areas with a Mediterranean climate; mostly horticulture

54
Q

Milkshed

A

A milkshed refers to an area surrounding the milk source (dairy farm) where milk is supplied without spoiling.

55
Q

Mixed crop and livestock systems

A

Mixed crop and livestock farming. Both animal and crops are farmed in the same area. Neolithic Revolution

56
Q

Monocropping

A

Monocropping is the agricultural practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land, in the absence of rotation through other crops or growing multiple crops on the same land (polyculture).

57
Q

Monoculture

A

Explanation: The term “monoculture” is used to describe the deliberate cultivation of only one single crop in a large land area

58
Q

Nomadic herding

A

nomadic herding. the continual movement of livestock in search of forage for animals.

59
Q

Paddy

A

Paddy. Definition: Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah.

60
Q

Pastoral Nomadism

A

Pastoral Nomadism. A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

61
Q

Pasture

A

pasture. grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing. intensive subsistence agriculture.

62
Q

Plantation agriculture

A

Plantation agriculture is defined by the production of one or more usually cash crops on a large swathe of land. It is most common in tropical climates where cash crops generally grow more naturally.

63
Q

Precision Agricultural

A

Precision agriculture (PA), satellite farming or site specific crop management (SSCM) is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter and intra-field variability in crops.

64
Q

Ranching

A

Explanation: The term “ranching,” particularly in reference to American agriculture refers to a type of commercial farming in which the livestock (usually cattle) is allowed to roam over an established area.

65
Q

Reservoirs

A

A reservoir is an artificial lake where water is stored

66
Q

Ridge-Tilling

A

Ridge-Tilling. System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation. Rural Settlement.

67
Q

Sanitization

A

Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and ‘ treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.’ Preventing human contact with feces is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with soap

68
Q

Sawah

A

sawah. A flooded field for growing rice. seed agriculture. Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization.

69
Q

Second Agricultural Revolution

A

The Second Agricultural Revolution, also known as the British Agricultural Revolution, took place first in England in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. … It involved the introduction of new crop rotation techniques and selective breeding of livestock, and led to a marked increase in agricultural production.

70
Q

Shifting cultivation

A

Shifting Cultivation. Definition: A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another

71
Q

Slash and burn

A

“Slash-and-burn” agriculture involves burning a portion of forest so that the soil there can be used for agricultural purposes.

72
Q

Spring Wheat

A

spring wheat. Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer. subsistence agriculture

73
Q

Subsidy

A

Subsidy. a government payment that supports a business or market. Subsistence Agriculture.

74
Q

Subsistence agriculture

A

Subsistence agriculture. Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer’s family.

75
Q

Suburbanization

A

Suburbanization is a population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation of (sub)urban sprawl.

76
Q

Sustainable Agriculture

A

Sustainable Agriculture. Definition: Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution,

77
Q

Swidden

A

Swidden. A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.

78
Q

Tariffs

A

Tariffs. Taxes on items leaving or entering a country, often used to raise the price of imported goods.

79
Q

Terracing

A

terrace farming. usually used in hilly of mountainous landscapes to create flat land areas to store water and allow crops to dig in soil.

80
Q

Third Agricultural Revolution

A

The Third Agricultural Revolution involved hybridization and genetic engineering of products and the increased use of pesticides and fertilizers.

81
Q

Transhumance

A

Transhumance, form of pastoralism or nomadism organized around the migration of livestock between mountain pastures in warm seasons and lower altitudes the rest of the year.

82
Q

Truck Farm

A

Truck Farming. Definition: Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.

83
Q

Undernourishment

A

Undernourishment a dietary energy consumption continuously below minimum requirement for maintaining healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.

84
Q

Vertical Integration

A

vertical integration. Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution.

85
Q

Von Thunen Model

A

The Von Thunen Model attempts to differentiate between land use patterns based on the different scales of agricultural production

86
Q

Wet Rice

A

Wet rice. Rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.

87
Q

Wetlands

A

A wetland is an area of land that is either covered with water or saturated with water. Unique plants, called hydrophytes, define wetland ecosystems.

88
Q

Winnow

A

winnow. To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind. winter wheat. Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the summer.

89
Q

Winter Wheat

A

To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind. winter wheat. Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the summer.

AP Human Geography (7 decks)

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