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AP Human Geography > unit 3 > Flashcards

unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Accent

A

the manner in which people speak and the way words are pronounced in different parts of the world

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2
Q

Acculturation

A

“Acculturation” is the term used to describe the adoption of certain cultural and social characteristics of one society by another society

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3
Q

Adherents

A

Meaning: Adherents believe that inanimate objects possess sports and should be revered.

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4
Q

Agnostic

A

Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists.

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5
Q

Animism

A

Animism. Definition: Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

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6
Q

Artifacts

A

Artifact. An object made by human beings; often refers to a primitive tool or other relic from an earlier period. Built Environment. The part of the physical landscape that represent material culture; the buildings, roads, bridges, and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape.

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7
Q

Assimilation

A

Assimilation: the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture (usually a dominant one). Often used to describe immigrant adaptation to new places.

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8
Q

Atheist

A

Atheism. Definition: Belief that God doesn’t exist. Real World Example: the Earth was made by scientists.

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9
Q

Autonomous Religion

A

Autonomous religion. A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally. Branch (of a religion) A large and fundamental division within a religion.

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10
Q

Branch

A

Branch. Definition: A large and fundamental division within a religion. Example: Protestant from Christianity.

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11
Q

Buddhism

A

Buddhism. the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth.

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12
Q

Built Environment

A

Built environment: Produced by the physical material culture, the built environment is the tangible human creation on the landscape.

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13
Q

Caste System

A

The Caste System is a part of Indian and Hindu culture that affixes an individual within a certain social group, from birth.

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14
Q

Centrifugal Force

A

Centrifugal forces, in contrast to centripetal forces, are forces or attitudes that tend to divide a state.

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15
Q

Centripetal Force

A

an attitude that unifies people and enhances support for a state

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16
Q

Christianity

A

Christianity. a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as embodied in the New Testament, emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

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17
Q

Collectivist Cultures

A

groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, language, and/or material culture

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18
Q

Contagious Diffusion

A

Contagious-The rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population. Stimulus-The spread of an underlying principle when the characteristic fails to diffuse.

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19
Q

Core-Domain-Sphere Model

A

Core-domain-sphere model, which is also known as the D.W. Meinig, is a model that shows the place where concentration of culture traits that characterizes a region is greatest.

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20
Q

Cosmology

A

the science of the origin and development of the universe. Modern astronomy is dominated by the Big Bang theory, which brings together observational astronomy and particle physics.

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21
Q

Creolization

A

Creolization. The process in which two or more languages converge and form a new language (used to describe languages in the Caribbean when slavery and colonization merged cultures.

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22
Q

Cultural Appropriation

A

The term “cultural appropriation” is used to describe a situation where a dominant social or cultural group takes an expression, idea, or product from an oppressed cultural group and uses it for its own benefit.

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23
Q

Cultural Convergence

A

Cultural Convergence. The contact and interaction of one culture with another. Cultural Perception.

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24
Q

Cultural Ecology

A

Cultural ecology. Definition: Geographic approach that emphasizes the human-environment relationships

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25
Q

Cultural Hearth

A

A “cultural hearth” is a place of origin for a widespread cultural trend.

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26
Q

Cultural Landscape

A

Cultural landscape: Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group.

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27
Q

Cultural Norms

A

human creations, such as values, norms, knowledge, systems of government, language, and so on, that are not embodied in physical objects.

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28
Q

Cultural Perception

A

Cultural/Environmental Perception. The concept that people of different culture will definitely observe and interpret their environment and make different decision about its nature, potentiality and use.

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29
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

Cultural relativism is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture

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30
Q

Culture

A

The sum total of knowledge, attitudes and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society.

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31
Q

Culture Complex

A

Culture Complex: When a trait combines with others in a distinctive way a culture complex is formed.

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32
Q

Culture Realm

A

Cultural realm. The entire region throughout which a culture prevails.

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33
Q

Culture Region

A

In anthropology and geography, a cultural region, cultural sphere, cultural area or culture area refers to a geography with one relatively homogeneous human activity or complex of activities (culture).

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34
Q

Culture Trait

A

Culture Trait: a single attribute of a culture

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35
Q

Custom

A

Custom. Definition: The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act

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36
Q

English

A

relating to England or its people or language.

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37
Q

Denominations

A

A division of a branch of a religion that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body

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38
Q

Dialects

A

Dialect. Definition: A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

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39
Q

Diffusion

A

Diffusion: The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time. Relocation diffusion: The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.

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40
Q

Ebonics

A

ebonics. dialect spoken by some african -americans. extinct language. language once used by people in daily activites but is no longer used.

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41
Q

Ethnic Neighborhoods

A

Ethnic Neighborhood. an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background. Ethnicity.

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42
Q

Ethnic Religions

A

Ethnic religion. A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.

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43
Q

Ethnicity

A

thnicity is a term that describes shared culture – the practices, values, and beliefs of a group.

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44
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Ethnocentrism is the term anthropologists use to describe the opinion that one’s own way of life is natural or correct.

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45
Q

Expansion Diffusion

A

Expansion diffusion: The spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process.

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46
Q

Folk Culture

A

Introduction. Conventionally, folk culture refers to the products and practices of relatively homogeneous and isolated small-scale social groups living in rural locations

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47
Q

Franglais

A

Franglais. Definition: A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language, a combination of franfais and anglai.

48
Q

Fundamentalism

A

Fundamentalism. Definition: Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

49
Q

Gender Identity

A

Gender identity is a person’s internal sense of themselves as a man or woman or another gender.

50
Q

Gendered Spaces

A

A critical concept in the geography of gender is the idea of gendered spaces. Gendered spaces are areas in which particular genders of people, and particular types of gender expression, are considered welcome or appropriate, and other types are unwelcome or inappropriate.

51
Q

Gentrification

A

Gentrification is a process of change currently underway in many American cities.

52
Q

Ghetto

A

Ghetto. During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jew

53
Q

Globalization

A

Globalization is the connection of different parts of the world. Globalization results in the expansion of international cultural, economic, and political activities.

54
Q

Habit

A

Habit. Definition: A repetitive act performed by a particular individual. Example: Brushing Teeth in the Morning. Application: A habit is hard to break and can tell a person a lot about another.

55
Q

Hierarchical Diffusion

A

-Hierarchical diffusion: The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places.

56
Q

Hierarchical Religion

A

Hierarchical religion. A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control.

57
Q

Hinduism

A

Meaning: A religion where adherents are born into the faith.

58
Q

Identity

A

dentity. defined by geographer Gillian Rose as “how we make sense of ourselves”; how people see themselves at different scales

59
Q

Ideogram

A

A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used. Ideogram. symbol that stands for a concept rather than a word

60
Q

Indo-European

A

Indo-European Languages. a family (or phylum) of several hundred related languages and dialects,[1] including most major languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India, and historically also predominant in Anatolia and Central Asia.

61
Q

Islam

A

Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that Muhammad is a messenger of God.

62
Q

Isogloss

A

An “isogloss” is a boundary line between two distinct linguistic regions. It can be a boundary between two different languages, or, more frequently, the boundary between two different dialects of the same language.

63
Q

Isolate

A

Definition: A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.

64
Q

Judaism

A

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people.

65
Q

Language

A

the principal method of human communication, consisting of words used in a structured and conventional way and conveyed by speech, writing, or gesture

66
Q

Language Branch

A

Language branch. A collection of languages related by a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago, derived from the same family

67
Q

Language Family

A

A language family is a group of different languages that all descend from a particular common language.

68
Q

Language Groups

A

language group. A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary

69
Q

Lingua Franca

A

A lingua franca is a language that combines simple words from multiple languages so that people who need to understand one another, in order to conduct trade and facilitate business, are able to communicate with one another.

70
Q

Literary Tradition

A

Literary Tradition. Definition: A language that is written as well as spoken. Example: English with Roman Alphabet.

71
Q

Logogram

A

Logogram. Definition: a symbol that represents a word rather than a sound.

72
Q

Material Culture

A

Anything that can physically be seen on the landscape. Built environment: Produced by the physical material culture, the built environment is the tangible human creation on the landscape.J

73
Q

Mentifacts

A

Mentifact. The central, enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and beliefs, including language, religion, folklore, and etc. Popular Culture.

74
Q

Missionary

A

Missionary. An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion. Monotheism. The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god.

75
Q

Monotheism

A

Explanation: Monotheism is characterized by the belief that there is only one god or divine being.

76
Q

Multiculturalism

A

According to the Dictionary of Human. Geography, multiculturalism can be defined as. ‘The belief that different cultural or ethnic groups

77
Q

National Language

A

Definition: A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages

78
Q

Official Language

A

Official language. The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents. Pidgin language

79
Q

Pagan

A

pagan. A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times.

80
Q

Pidgin

A

A combination of two or more languages into one fluid and changeable dialect.

81
Q

Pilgrimage

A

pilgrimage. voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site. sacred sites. place or space people infuse with religious meaning.

82
Q

Placemaking

A

Strengthening the connection between people and the places they share, placemaking refers to a collaborative process by which we can shape our public realm in order to maximize shared value

83
Q

Polyglot

A

Polyglot. Knowing or using several languages; an area where several languages are spoken.

84
Q

Polytheism

A

Polytheism. Belief in or worship of more than one god. Sect. A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.

85
Q

Popular Culture

A

Popular culture: Culture that is not tied to a specific location but rather a general location based on widespread diffusion.

86
Q

Postmodern Architecture

A

postmodern architecture. a reaction in architectural design to the felling of sterile alienation that may people get from modern architecture.

87
Q

Religion

A

Religion. a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny. animism.

88
Q

Safe Spaces

A

In reality, ‘safe spaces’ describes a diverse set of social and therapeutic practices and conditions that can be found throughout social institutions and informal networks, emerging in education, youth work and therapeutic support groups, in addition to activists seeking to raise consciousness or encourage political

89
Q

Sect

A

Sect (Religious Sect) A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.

90
Q

Secularized

A

Secularization is a cultural transition in which religious values are gradually replaced with nonreligious values.

91
Q

Sense of Place

A

The term sense of place has been used in many different ways. It is a multidimensional, complex construct used to characterize the relationship between people and spatial settings.

92
Q

Sequent Occupance Model

A

Sequent occupance: The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.

93
Q

Shamanism

A

a religion practiced by indigenous peoples of far northern Europe and Siberia that is characterized by belief in an unseen world of gods, demons, and ancestral spirits responsive only to the shamans also : any similar religion.

94
Q

Sikhism

A

A monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 1500s by the guru Nanak.

95
Q

Slang

A

slang. an informal, often short-lived kind of language used in place of standard words.

96
Q

Sociofacts

A

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.

97
Q

Solstice

A

Solstice. Definition: Astronomical event that happens twice each year, when the tilt of Earth’s axis is most inclined toward or away from the sun, causing the Sun’s apparent position in the sky to reach its northernmost or southernmost extreme and resulting in the shortest and longest days of the year.

98
Q

Spanglish

A

Spanglish. Definition: Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic-Americans.

99
Q

Standard Language

A

combination of english and spanish. standard language. form of a language used for official government business, education and mass communications.

100
Q

Stimulus Diffusion

A

diffusion in which one people receives a culture element from another but gives it a new and unique form.

101
Q

Syncretism

A

Syncretism. The blending traits from two different cultures to form a new trait. Traditional/tribal religion

102
Q

Syntax

A

Syntax. ~The manner in which words are arranged into sentences. Cadence.

103
Q

Taboo

A

Taboo. Definition: A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom. Example: Chinese people eating Bull testicles for sexual stamina.

104
Q

Terroir

A

Terroir: The contribution of a location’s distinctive physical features to the way food tastes (associated with France, Italy).

105
Q

Third Place

A

Third places is a term coined by sociologist Ray Oldenburg and refers to places where people spend time between home (‘first’ place) and work (‘second’ place).

106
Q

Toponyms

A

A toponym is the name of a place

107
Q

Trade Language

A

trade language. A language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them to communicate so that they can trade with each other.

108
Q

Traditional Architecture

A

traditional architecture. traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places. vernacular. the commonly spoken language or dialect of a particular people or place. acculturation.

109
Q

Traditional Culture

A

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups

110
Q

Tribal Religion

A

In keeping with the nature of Indian religion generally, these particular religions often involve traditions of ancestor worship or worship of spirits of natural features

111
Q

Uniform Landscape

A

Uniform landscape. The spatial expression of a popular custom in one location being similar to another

112
Q

Universalizing Religions

A

Geographers distinguish two types of religions: 1. Universalizing religions- attempt to be global by appealing to all people regardless of location or culture

113
Q

Vernacular

A

Vernacular geography is the sense of place that is revealed in ordinary people’s language.

114
Q

Vocabulary

A

the body of words used in a particular language.

115
Q

Vulgar Latin

A

Vulgar Latin. a form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.

116
Q

Zionism

A

Zionism. the movement to unite Jewish people of the diaspora and establish a nation homeland for them in the promised land.

117
Q

Glocalization

A

Glocalization is the concept that in a global market, a product or service is more likely to succeed when it is customized for the locality or culture in which it is sold.

AP Human Geography (7 decks)

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