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AP Human Geography > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Age Distribution

A

the proportionate numbers of persons in successive age categories in a given population

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2
Q

Agricultural Density

A

measures the number of farmers specifically on each unit of farmland.

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3
Q

Antinatalist

A

Government policies that discourage couples from having children. Crude Birth Rate. The number of live births in a year per 1,000 people.

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4
Q

Arable Land

A

any land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops

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5
Q

Arithmetic Density

A

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

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6
Q

Asylum

A

people who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country

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7
Q

Asylum Seeker

A

someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as refugee.

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8
Q

Brain Drain

A

arge-scale emigration of a large group of individuals with technical skills or knowledge

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9
Q

Brain Gain

A

the immigration into a country of scientists, technologists, academics, etc., attraced by better pay, equipment, or condition

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10
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The “carrying capacity” of an area refers to the maximum number of people who can be realistically sustained by the geography of that area.

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11
Q

Contraception

A

Contraception. birth control by the use of devices (diaphragm or intrauterine device or condom) or drugs or surgery. Crude Death Rate (CDR) The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people. Crude Birth Rate(CBR)

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12
Q

Census

A

A census counts the population of a nation, state, or other geographic region

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13
Q

Chain Migration

A

the social process by which immigrants from a particular town follow one another to a different city

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14
Q

Circular Migration

A

Circular migration or repeat migration is the temporary and usually repetitive movement of a migrant worker between home and host areas

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15
Q

Circulation

A

Circulation. Definition: Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.

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16
Q

Child Mortality Rate

A

Child mortality rate: annual number of deaths of children under the age of 5

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17
Q

Climate

A

Climate. The composite or generally prevailing weather conditions of a region, as temperature, air pressure, humidity, precipitation, sunshine, cloudiness, and winds, throughout the year, averaged over a series of years.

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18
Q

Counter-urbanization

A

the process by which a significant portion of the population of an urban center starts to migrate away from the city to live in suburbs or rural areas.

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19
Q

Crude Birth Rate

A

Crude birth rate (CBR) - The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

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20
Q

Crude Death Rate

A

The total number of deaths in a year fro every 1,000 people alive in the society.

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21
Q

Demographic Transition Model

A

Demographic Transition Model

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22
Q

Demographics

A

The study of population characteristics.

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23
Q

Demographic Equation

A

equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population during a certain period of time, also taking into account net migration and natural increase.

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24
Q

Dependency Ratio

A

The “dependency ratio” refers to the percentage of people within a population who are either too young or too old to work and must therefore be supported by the labor of working adults within that population.

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25
Q

Diaspora

A

the scattering of people who have a common background or beliefs. distance decay function.

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26
Q

Dispersed

A

The spacing of people within geographic population boundaries. Concentration- The spread of a feature over space. Dispersed/ Scattered- If objects are relatively far apart. Clustered/ Agglomerated- If objects are close/grouped together. … The arrangement of features in space.

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27
Q

Doubling Time

A

The “doubling time” refers to the amount of time it takes for the population of a region to double. … An annual increase of one percent of the population will cause the population to have a “doubling time” of seventy years.

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28
Q

Ecumene

A

Ecumene is a term used by geographers to mean inhabited land

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29
Q

Emigration

A

Emigration. Moving out of an area (From) Immigration. Moving into an area (To) Net migration.

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30
Q

Epidemiological Transition

A

epidemiologic transition. distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition. epidemiology. the branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people. pandemic.

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31
Q

Model

A

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

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32
Q

Fertility

A

The total fertility rate is the average number of children born to each woman in a given region during the course of her lifetime.

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33
Q

Forced Migration

A

Forced Migration refers to the coerced movement of a person or persons away from their home or home region.

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34
Q

Friction of Distance

A

Friction of Distance- is based on the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort, money, and/or energy to overcome.

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35
Q

Gravity Model

A

The Gravity Model holds that the interaction between two places can be determined by the product of the population of both places, divided by the square of their distance from one another

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36
Q

Guest Workers

A

guest workers. legal immigrant who has work visa, usually short term. refugees. people who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country. internal refugees.

37
Q

Human Migration

A

Explanation: “Mobility” is the ability of something or someone to move from one place or region to another. “Migration” refers specifically to groups of people or animals moving from one region or country to another. “Travel” is voluntary movement from one region to another.

38
Q

Human Trafficking

A

Human Trafficking. The illegal trade of human beings, a modern-day form of slavery, for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor, or involuntary military combat.

39
Q

Immigration

A

Immigration. The migration to a new location. International Migration. The permanent movement from one country to another.

40
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

Explanation: Infant mortality rate measures how many babies, per thousand births, die before their first birthday. In many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, the number is as high as one hundred. In almost all of the developed world, this number is less than ten.

41
Q

Internal Migration

A

internal migration. human movement within a nation-state, such as going westward and southward movements in the US. forced migration. human migration flows in which the movers have not choice but to relocate.

42
Q

Internally Displaced Persons

A

Internally displaced person (IDP) Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons to a refugee but has not migrated across an international border. International migration.

43
Q

Interregional Migration

A

Interregional migration - Permanent movement from one region of a country to another. Intervening obstacle - An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

44
Q

Intervening Obstacle

A

Intervening Obstacle

45
Q

Intervening Opportunity

A

Intervening Opportunity. an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration. Migratory Movement. human relocation movement from a source to a destination without a return journey, as opposed to cyclical movement.

46
Q

Intraregional Migration

A

Intraregional migration is the permanent movement within one region of a country. Some examples of intraregional migration are suburbanization, counter-urbanization, and urbanization.

47
Q

Kinship Links

A

kinship links. types of push or pull factors that influence a migrant’s decision to go where family or friends have already found success. chain migration. pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links. immigration wave.

48
Q

Land Degradation

A

Land degradation is caused by multiple forces, including extreme weather conditions, particularly drought. It is also caused by human activities that pollute or degrade the quality of soils and land utility. … Desertification is a form of land degradation by which fertile land becomes desert

49
Q

Landforms

A

Landforms. (Physical Processes) Definition. Earth’s surface features vary from relatively flat to mountainous.

50
Q

Life Expectancy

A

Life Expectancy- The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

51
Q

Migration

A

Explanation: “Mobility” is the ability of something or someone to move from one place or region to another. “Migration” refers specifically to groups of people or animals moving from one region or country to another. “Travel” is voluntary movement from one region to another.

52
Q

Migration Transition

A

Migration transition is the change in migration patterns within a society caused by industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.

53
Q

Mobility

A

Mobility. Definition: All types of movement from one location to another. Example: Migration, circulation, etc are forms of Mobility. Application: Mobility is just a more generalized term for migration because it includes the short term as well.

54
Q

Mortality

A

Mortality - death rate. the number of deaths per thousand people. Population explosion. the rapid growth of the world’s human population during the past century.

55
Q

Natural Increase Rate

A

Natural Increase Rate- The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

56
Q

Neo malthusians

A

neo-Malthusian. a theory that if there are multiple minority groups and no majority groups within a population set, the growth rate will eventually resemble the rate of growth of the fastest growing group within that set.

57
Q

Neo-Malthusian

A

neo-Malthusian. a theory that if there are multiple minority groups and no majority groups within a population set, the growth rate will eventually resemble the rate of growth of the fastest growing group within that set.

58
Q

Net Migration

A

net migration. the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.

59
Q

Non-Ecumene

A

Area of the Earth’s surface that humans consider too harsh for occupancy.

60
Q

Overpopulation

A

Overpopulation - The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

61
Q

Physiological Density

A

The physiological density or real population density is the number of people per unit area of arable land

62
Q

Population Density

A

Population density refers to the number of people who live in a defined land area (usually square miles or square kilometers).

63
Q

Population Distribution

A

Population density is the number of people per unit of land area, whereas population distribution is the pattern of where the people live.

64
Q

Population Pyramids

A

Population pyramids show the age and sex demographics of a particular country, city, or neighborhood.

65
Q

Pronatalist

A

pro-natalist. An attitude or policy that encourages childbearing. arithmetic density. the total number of people divided by the total land area.

66
Q

Pull Factor

A

Pull factors are positive factors that attract people to new areas from other areas.

67
Q

Push Factor

A

A “push factor” is something that encourages an individual to migrate away from a certain place.

68
Q

Quotas

A

A limit on maximum number of people who can immigrate to an area annually. Refugee.

69
Q

Ravensteins Laws

A

First published in 1885, Ernst Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration includes a theory highlighting the inverse relationship between the distance and volume of migration between a source and destination.

70
Q

Rate of Natural Increase

A

Natural Increase Rate- The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

71
Q

Refugees

A

Refugees are defined as people who are being forced to leave their traditional lands due to persecution or material hardship within their society.

72
Q

Relocation Diffusion

A

Relocation diffusion: The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.

73
Q

Remittances

A

remittances. money migrant send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.

74
Q

Replacement Fertility

A

the tendency for a population to continue to grow long after replacement fertility has been achieved. replacement fertility

75
Q

Repatriate

A

Repatriation. A refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of a governmental or non-governmental organization.

76
Q

Sex Ratio

A

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

77
Q

Skills Gap

A

A skills gap is a gap between the skills an employee has and the skills he or she actually needs to perform a job well

78
Q

Step Migration

A

Step Migration. migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city.

79
Q

Subsistence Agriculture

A

Define subsistence agriculture. Any of the following is a correct response: • Food grown for the farmer or farmer’s family/kin

80
Q

Suburbanization

A

suburbanization. The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.

81
Q

Temperature Climates

A

Temperate climates are generally defined as environments with moderate rainfall spread across the year or portion of the year with sporadic drought, mild to warm summers and cool to cold winters (Simmons, 2015).

82
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Thomas Malthus: British reverend who concluded that population was growing at a faster rate than productivity in the late 1700s

83
Q

Total Fertility Rate

A

Explanation: The total fertility rate is the average number of children born to each woman in a given region during the course of her lifetime.

84
Q

Transhumance

A

Transhumance is defined as the seasonal movement of livestock (herding) between mountains and lowland pastures.

85
Q

Transnational Migration

A

Transnational Migration. A form of population movement in which a person regularly moves between two or more countries and forms a new cultural identity transcending a single geopolitical unit.

86
Q

Urbanization

A

Urbanization. The movement of people to, and the clustering of people in, towns and cities- a major force in every geographic realm today. Also when expanding cities absorb the rural countryside and transforms it into suburbs.

87
Q

Voluntary Migration

A

Unlike forced migration, voluntary migration comes from a person’s choice to relocate to an opportunity instead of an encroaching fear for safety

88
Q

Zero Population Growth

A

the maintenance of a population at a constant level by limiting the number of live births to only what is needed to replace the existing population.

AP Human Geography (7 decks)

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