Unit 4b - Final Review

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

The body maintains a constant balance to adjust to a fluctuating environment

Question 2

negative feedback

Answer 2

Mechanisms that make adjustments to bring the body back within the acceptable range.

Question 3

positive feedback

Answer 3

amplifies/reinforces change

Question 4

hormones

Answer 4

chemical regulators produced by cells in one part of the body that affect cells in another part of the body

Question 5

non-target hormones

Answer 5

affect many cells (e.g. growth hormone, insulin, epinephrine, etc.)

Question 6

target tissues

Answer 6

have specific receptor sites to which hormones bind.

Question 7

steroid hormones

Answer 7

Made from cholesterol (lipid); fat-soluble; not soluble in water

Question 8

protein hormones

Answer 8

contains amino acid chains; water soluble

Question 9

tropic hormones

Answer 9

stimulate a specific target gland to secrete another hormone

Question 10

antagonistic hormones

Answer 10

a pair of hormones that have opposite effects on one another

Question 11

antagonistic hormones examples:

Answer 11

insulin (lower blood glucose) and glucagon (raises blood glucose).

calcitonin and PTH.

Question 12

pheromones

Answer 12

chemicals that affect organisms of the same species

Question 13

secretory cells

Answer 13

specialized cells that perform the secretory function

Question 14

neurosecretory cells

Answer 14

Release hormones into body fluids or storage organs; hormones are released at a later time

Question 15

exocrine glands

Answer 15

produces sweat, mucus, or digestive enzymes. Products are sent to locations via ducts

Question 16

endocrine glands

Answer 16

ductless glands
Produce hormones which are released into body fluids

Question 17

anterior =

Answer 17

front

Question 18

posterior =

Answer 18

back

Question 19

anterior pit gland is mostly…

Answer 19

glandular tissue

Question 20

posterior pit gland is mostly…

Answer 20

neural tissue

Question 21

the pituitary gland is

Answer 21

the master gland which controls other endocrine glands

Question 22

anterior pit. gland

Answer 22

produces its own hormones. release is regulated by the hypothalamus

Question 23

posterior pit. gland

Answer 23

stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus
ADH and Oxytocin

Question 24

2 types of cells in the pancreas

Answer 24

Producing digestive enzymes (exocrine)

Produces hormones (endocrine)

Question 25

insulin

Answer 25

brings blood sugar down → converts glucose into glycogen for storage

Question 26

glucagon

Answer 26

brings blood sugar up. converts glycogen into glucose.

Question 27

diabetes mellitus

Answer 27

inadequate production of insulin by the islets of langherhans (beta cells)

Question 28

diabetes mellitus side effect

Answer 28

high blood sugar which has to be expelled in large amounts of urine. Little sugar is able to be stored = low energy. fats and proteins are used instead for energy.

Question 29

type 1 diabetes (junevile)

Answer 29

early degeneration of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans (must be treated by insulin injections)

Question 30

type 2 diabetes (adult)

Answer 30

decreased insulin production by insulin cells

Question 32

gestational diabetes

Answer 32

temporary, occurs during 2-4% of pregnancies. Increases risk of Type 2 in mother and child.

Question 33

Islet cell transplant:

Answer 33

islet cells are extracted from the pancreas of the donor and infused into the recipient’s liver.

Question 34

adrenal medulla =

Answer 34

short term stress responses.

epinephrine and epinephrine

Question 35

adrenal glands

Answer 35

hats on top of kidneys

Question 36

adrenal cortex (outer)

Answer 36

long term stress responses.

mineralcorticoids –> aldosterone

glucocorticoids –> cortisol

Question 37

Higher levels of thyroid hormones secreted

Answer 37

= sugars and nutrients oxidized faster
Warmer individuals, tend not to gain weight

Question 38

Lower levels of thyroid hormones

Answer 38

= sugars oxidized slower
Excess blood sugar is converted into liver and muscle glycogen
Excess sugar -> fat
Colder, dryer skin.

Question 39

iodine

Answer 39

needed for thyroid hormones. lack of iodine results in a goiter = an enlarged thyroid gland.

Question 40

Hyperthyroidism:

Answer 40

excess secretion, high body temperature, sweating, high blood pressure

Question 41

Hypothyroidism:

Answer 41

low secretion, lethargy in adults, cretinism (dwarfism) in infants.

Question 42

Calcium levels are regulated by…

Answer 42

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 43

low levels of calcium may result in…

Answer 43

Tetany: convulsive contractions of skeletal muscles.

Question 44

too much calcium may result in…

Answer 44

kidney stones

Question 45

hyposecretion of growth hormone during adulthood…

Answer 45

acromegaly → Growth plates have fused, so long bones can no longer increase in length. Bones in jaw, forehead, fingers, and toes increase in width → broadening of facial features.

Question 46

diabetes insipidus

Answer 46

The posterior gland does not secrete enough ADH/the kidney does not respond to ADH.
high urine outputs

Question 47

ADH

Answer 47

causes increased permeability of water into the nephron.

Question 48

Aldosterone

Answer 48

stimulated by low blood pressure. causes Na+ to be reabsorped in the nephrons. water follows by osmosis –> higher blood pressure.

Question 49

prostaglandins

Answer 49

hormones that have a pronounced effect on a small localized area