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Bio 30 > Unit 4a Final Review > Flashcards

Unit 4a Final Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

voluntary nerve control

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2
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary nerve control

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3
Q

grey matter

A

unmyelinated neuron

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4
Q

white matter

A

myelinated neuron

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5
Q

neurilemma

A

thin outer membrane on nerves in the PNS. promotes regeneration of damaged axons.

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6
Q

effector

A

responds to a signal (e.g. muscles)

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7
Q

affector

A

sends a signal out (converts stimulus into a nerve impulse)

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8
Q

reflex arc

A

involuntary unlearned response controlled by the spinal cord.

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9
Q

wave of depolarization

A

Many action potentials are generated along the cell membrane

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10
Q

what must happen in order for an action potential to occur?

A

the threshold level must be reached.

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11
Q

saltatory conduction

A

the way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down an axon (nodes of ranvier)

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12
Q

synapse

A

the small gap that separates neurons.

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13
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

the synapse when postsynaptic cell is a muscle cell.

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14
Q

neurotransmitters

A

released by the pre-synaptic neuron into the synapse.

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15
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

triggers postsynaptic neuron to allow Na+ in. depolarization. promotes the generation of an action potential.

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16
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmittters.

A

causes K+ channels to open. Hyperpolarization. decreased likeliness of the generation of an action potential.

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17
Q

Greater # of synapses =

A

slower transmission speed.

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18
Q

Acetylcholine

A

acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter on many post-synaptic neurons.

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19
Q

cholinesterase

A

released to destroy acetylcholine.

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20
Q

Acetylcholine is the…

A

neurotransmitter of all neuromuscular junctions.

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21
Q

what causes the release of acetylcholine?

A

a build up of Ca2+ ions. It is also released by a vesicle via exocytosis.

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22
Q

summation

A

the additive effect of electrical impulses in multiple numbers coming on a neuromuscular junction. Individually these stimuli cannot generate a response, but together they can

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23
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest portion of the brain

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24
Q

cerbral cortex

A

outer layer of the cerebrum (grey matter)

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25
Q

left side of brain relates to…

A

language skills

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26
Q

right side of brain relates to…

A

problem solving, reasoning, spatial awareness.

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27
Q

Broca’s area

A

speaking

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28
Q

wernicke’s area

A

listening

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29
Q

Frontal lobe

A

voluntary muscles (walking, speech, personality, memory)

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30
Q

Temporal lobe

A

interpret’s sensory info (hearing, smell)

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31
Q

Parietal lobe

A

touch, pain, taste (temperature), sensations, emotions, interpreting speech

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32
Q

Occipital lobe

A

vision

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33
Q

Corpus callosum

A

communication between the two brain hemispheres.

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34
Q

Thalamus

A

interprets sensory information (relay station → sorts data from the spinal cord to appropriate parts of the brain)

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35
Q

Hypothalamus

A

maintains homeostasis (e.g. body temperature)

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36
Q

Limbic system

A

parts of brain associated with behavioural and emotional responses

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37
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

detect smell

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38
Q

midbrain

A

relay center for the eye and ear

39
Q

hindbrain

A

balance, muscle control, & autonomic control.

40
Q

Pons

A

relay station between the forebrain and hindbrain

41
Q

medulla oblongata

A

acts as a connection between the PNS and CNS. Coordinating center for ANS regulating breathing, heart rate (autonomic functions)

42
Q

cerebellum

A

balance, posture, and coordination

43
Q

Brainstem =

A

Brainstem = midbrain + pons + medulla oblongata

44
Q

Foramen magnum:

A

opening in the skull from which the spinal cord emerges from

45
Q

Dorsal nerve tract

A

sensory info to the spinal cord

46
Q

Ventral nerve tract

A

motor info from spinal cord to muscles/organs

47
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight. increased heart rate / blood pressure. increased blood flow to skeletal muscles. digestion is inhibited.

48
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest. lowers breathing rate / heart beat. Vagus master off nerve.

49
Q

Sensory receptors (role)

A

convert one energy form (information) about the external environment into electrochemical energy (nerve impulses), which are relayed to the CNS

50
Q

sensory receptors are

A

the modified ends of sensory neurons that are activated by a specific stimulus

51
Q

sensory adaptation

A

Constant exposure to a certain stimulus → insensitivity of the sensory receptor to that stimulus.
Neuron does not fire even though the stimulus is still present

52
Q

perception is when..

A

the brain has interpreted the sensation

53
Q

sensation is when…

A

the nerve impulse has reached the cerebrum

54
Q

photoreceptors

A

eyes (rods/cones)

55
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

tongue (taste buds), nose (olfactory cells, carotid arteries & brain (blood pH)

56
Q

Mechanoreceptors:

A

ear (inner ear hair cells - balance & sound)

57
Q

Thermoreceptors:

A

hot and cold (skin)

58
Q

perception of taste is from

A

taste receptors and olfactory cells.

59
Q

sclera

A

the white, fibrous, outermost layer of the eye

60
Q

cornea

A

covers the front of the sclera; acts as the window (transparent); bends light towards the pupil

61
Q

aqueous humor

A

a chamber of transparent fluid behind the cornea

62
Q

choroid

A

the middle layer of the eye - contains blood vessels

63
Q

iris

A

a thin circular muscle that controls the size of the pupil opening

64
Q

lens

A

focuses image on the retina; found behind the iris

65
Q

ciliary muscles

A

attached to ligaments that alter the shape of the lens

66
Q

vitreous humour

A

Contains a cloudy, jelly-like material that maintains the shape of the eyeball. Permits light transmission to the retina

67
Q

retina

A

innermost layer of eye

68
Q

rods

A

extremely sensitive (stimulated by single photons of light). only black and white. most concentrated in edges of eye.

69
Q

cones

A

colour-detecting sensors that require intense light
Cones are packed most density at the fovea centralis

70
Q

fovea centralis

A

tiny depression in the back and center of the retina.
The most sensitive area of the eye; closely packed cones

71
Q

blind spot

A

There are no rods and cones in the area in which the optic nerve comes in contact with the retina.

72
Q

viewing close objects.

A

thicker lens, ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments relax, pupil constricts (sharp focus),

73
Q

viewing far objects

A

thinner lens, ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments tighten pupil dilates (more light)

74
Q

astigmatism

A

uneven curvature of the cornea

75
Q

cataracts

A

lens becomes opaque

76
Q

glaucoma

A

build-up of fluid in the anterior chamber to the lens

77
Q

myopia (nearsighted)

A

elongated eyeball → focused image falls in front of retina

78
Q

Hyperopia (farsighted):

A

short eyeball → image focuses behind the retina

79
Q

Rhodopsin

A

light pigment found in the rods of the eye

80
Q

Photopsin

A

light pigment found in cones; reacts only to certain light wavelengths

81
Q

ear is involved with both

A

hearing and balance

82
Q

Pinna

A

outer flap of the ear → acts as a sound funnel

83
Q

auditory canal

A

carries sound waves to the eardrum.

84
Q

Tympanic membrane (eardrum):

A

sound waves → mechanical vibrations

85
Q

Ossicles:

A

three bones that amplify vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window (malleus/incus/stapes)

86
Q

Oval window:

A

smaller than eardrum; amplifies sound

87
Q

eustachian tube

A

air-filled tube that equalizes pressure between the internal and external ear. Also drains excess fluid to the nasal cavity

88
Q

vestibule

A

Contains two small sacs, utricle and saccule, which determine the head position (static equilibrium)

89
Q

semicircular canals

A

arranged at different angles. The movement of fluid within helps to identify body movement (dynamic equilibrium). (fluid moves hair/cilia).

90
Q

cochlea

A

(snail) Contains two rows of hair cells that identify and respond to sound waves of different frequencies and intensities.

91
Q

the saccule and utricle contains…

A

calcium stones called otoliths suspended in jelly. when this moves, hair receptors move.

92
Q

when the oval window moves in…

A

the round window moves outward

93
Q

organ of corti

A

long structure within the cochlea. Composed of 2 rows of hair cells, anchored to the basilar membrane.

94
Q

basilar membrane

A

base layer of the organ of corti.

Bio 30 (7 decks)

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