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Bio 30 > UNIT 1 - Final Review > Flashcards

UNIT 1 - Final Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chromatid

A

condensed chromosomes

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2
Q

Chromatin

A

uncondensed chromosomes

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3
Q

Senescence

A

the process of aging

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4
Q

Totipotent

A

describes a nucleus that is able to bring a cell from egg to adult

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5
Q

Metastasis

A

Cancer cells can dislodge from a tumour and move to another area

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6
Q

Cancer cells

A

cannot carry out normal functions of cells. Are almost always in mitosis.

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7
Q

Benign vs. malignant tumours

A

benign = remains at site, does not cause serious problems
malignant = may metastasize and impair functions of organs

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8
Q

Telomeres

A

Caps at the ends of chromosomes.
Reduce in length each time a cell goes through the cell cycle and divides

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9
Q

Telomerase

A

allows cancer cells to maintain telomere length

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10
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

paired chromosomes; similar in shape size and gene arrangement; are not identical

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11
Q

meiosis aka…

A

reduction division

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12
Q

tetrad

A

(meiosis) 4 chromatids

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13
Q

synapsis

A

the pairing of homologous chromosomes

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14
Q

Kinetochore

A

region of centromere that links sister chromatids to spindle

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15
Q

segregation

A

the partitioning of genetic material into two daughter cells (meiosis/reduction division)

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16
Q

Plant life cycle: Alternation of Generations

A

alternation between haploid and diploid vice versa

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17
Q

syndrome

A

a group of disorders that occur together.

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18
Q

down syndrome

A

trisomy 21. Mentally challenged, short, full face, large tongue, large forehead

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19
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

monosomic disorder. Female that has a single x chromosome.

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20
Q

klinefelter’s syndrome

A

The child inherits the XX chromosome and Y chromosome. Appears male at birth; during puberty high levels of female sex hormones are produced

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21
Q

Teratogens

A

chemicals that cause abnormalities in embryos

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22
Q

Amniocentesis

A

an ultrasound is used to locate the position of the fetus within the mother’s womb.
A syringe draws amniotic fluid, which is spun in a centrifuge, cultured, then karyotyped.

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23
Q

Chorionic villi sampling (CVS)

A

cells are drawn from the chorionic villi (placenta). More invasive, but can be performed earlier in pregnancy.

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24
Q

nucleotide

A

phosphate, sugar, N-base

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25
Q

Chromosomes are made of….

A

DNA

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26
Q

DNA is made of….n

A

nucleotides

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27
Q

Segments of DNA are…

A

genes

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28
Q

DNA nitrogen bases:

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

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29
Q

Chagraff’s rules

A

amount of A=T, C=G

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30
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

collected x-ray data on DNA

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31
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick

A

proposed a 3-D model of DNA using Franklin’s data (double helix/twisted ladder)

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32
Q

Backbone of (DNA) ladder

A

deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

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33
Q

What forms the rung of a DNA ladder

A

Nitrogen bases (ACTG). N-bases are connected by hydrogen (weak) bonds.

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34
Q

anti-parallel

A

(2) DNA strands are parallel, but run in opposite directions.

35
Q

Purine + pyrimidine

A

these always pair together.

36
Q

DNA replication is…s

A

semi-conservative

37
Q

DNA helicase

A

breaks the H-bonds between complementary base pairs.

38
Q

Replication fork

A

The point where the two strands of DNA separate

39
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

links free nucleotides that have bases complementary to the template strand.

40
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

proofreader that cuts out RNA primers and replaces them with the appropriate DNA nucleotide

41
Q

Leading strand

A

strand that is made continuously during DNA replication

42
Q

lagging strand

A

synthesized in short fragments during DNA replication

43
Q

DNA ligase

A

glues the sugar-phosphate backbone and DNA fragments together

44
Q

RNA sugar name…

A

ribose sugar

45
Q

RNA does not contain…., instead it contains….

A

thymine; uracil

46
Q

RNA is ____ stranded

A

single

47
Q

DNA is located in ____, proteins are made in ____

A

nucleus, cytoplasm

48
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

reads the DNA code and exits through nuclear pores, and carries the message to the ribosomes

49
Q

Transcription process (3 steps)

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

50
Q

Initiation (transcription)

A

RNA polymerase binds to DNA

51
Q

Elongation (transcription)

A

DNA unzips. nucleotides from mRNA find appropriate pairs using single strand of DNA as a blueprint

52
Q

Termination (transcription)

A

single stranded RNA exits through nuclear membrane. DNA rezips.

53
Q

Codons

A

blocks of 3 nucleotides decoded into the sequence of amino acids

54
Q

Translation (3 steps)

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

55
Q

Initiation (translation)

A

mRNA attaches itself to the ribosome. The initiator codon turns on protein synthesis

56
Q

Elongation (translation)

A

transfer RNA (tRNA) picks up amino acids around cytoplasm and shuttles it to mRNA. ribosomal RNA (rRNA) fuses the amino acids into a long chain.

57
Q

tRNA

A

contains an anticodon that complements the codon of the mRNA. (it picks up the protein the mRNA codes for).

58
Q

Termination (translation)

A

terminator codon turns synthesis off

59
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

fragment of DNA composed of sequences from at least 2 different sources.

60
Q

Genetic Transformation

A

introduction and expression of foreign DNA in a living organism

61
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

molecular scissors that cut double-stranded DNA at a specific base pair sequence → recognition sites

62
Q

Restriction endonucleases

A

molecular scissors that cut double-stranded DNA at a specific base pair sequence → recognition sites

63
Q

DNA ligase

A

helps to restore fragmented chromosomes when damaged. Creates recombinant DNA by joining pieces of DNA from different sources together

64
Q

Taq polymerase

A

enzyme used in polymerase chain reaction

65
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A
  1. The mixture is heated, breaking the H-bonds in DNA. DNA is separated into single-stranded DNA templates.
  2. Mixture cools, primers form H bonds with DNA template
  3. Taq polymerase forms new DNA strand from DNA template using complementary base pairings
  4. Cycle of heating and cooling is repeated
66
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA or proteins according to molecule size.

Molecules are pushed through small pores with gel by an electric field.

DNA is negatively charged, so they move towards the positive electrode.

67
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

uses gel electrophoresis. .

Unique segments of the DNA chain is tagged with a radioactive probe.

Nylon sheet is placed against an x-ray film; black bands will appear where probes have been attached.
The bands are used to compare to samples

68
Q

Transformation

A

any process by which foreign DNA is incorporated into the genome of a cell

69
Q

Vector

A

delivery system to move foreign DNA into a cell

70
Q

transgenic

A

Organisms that have received foreign DNA.

71
Q

plasmids

A

bacteria contain this. they are small circular double-stranded DNA in cytoplasm
Used as vectors

72
Q

Mutations

A

changes in the sequence of DNA molecule

73
Q

Point mutations

A

changes in a single base pair of a DNA sequence.

74
Q

Silent mutations

A

a point mutation. no change in amino acids

75
Q

Missense mutation

A

a point mutation. results in single substitution of 1 amino acid in polypeptide

76
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

a point mutation. converts codon for an amino acid into a stop codon

77
Q

Gene mutation

A

changes the amino acids in DNA sequence. May involve more than one base pair

78
Q

Deletion mutation

A

1+ nucleotides are removed from the DNA sequence. (gene mutation)

79
Q

Insertion mutation

A

an extra nucleotide is placed in the DNA sequence (gene mutation)

80
Q

frameshift mutations

A

insertion and deletion gene mutations.

81
Q

Chromosomal mutations

A

involves large segments of DNA

82
Q

Translocational mutation

A

groups of base pairs move from 1 chromosome to another. Usually occurs between 2 non-homologous chromosomes.
(Chromosomal mutations)

83
Q

inversion mutation

A

section of chromosome has reversed its orientation in the chromosome
(Chromosomal mutations)

84
Q

mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA)

A

identical to one’s mother, as it is transferred in the cytoplasm of the egg.
Mutations do not occur only in genomic nuclear DNA

Bio 30 (7 decks)

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