Unit 4.3 (A): Classifications

Question 1

Placing organisms in groups of related species. Lists of characteristics of known organisms.

Answer 1

CLASSIFICATION

Question 2

Matching characteristics of an “unknown” to lists of known organisms.

Answer 2

IDENTIFICATION

Question 3

Provides** identification schemes** for identifying bacteria and archaea

Answer 3

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

Question 4

Provides phylogenetic information on bacteria and archaea

Answer 4

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

Question 5

standard reference for laboratory identification of bacteria.

Answer 5

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

Question 6

(the branch of microbiology dealing with human pathogens)

Answer 6

Medical microbiology

Question 7

In the simplest form, a positive test would be assigned a value of 1, and a negative is assigned a value of 0. In most commercial testing kits, test results are assigned numbers ranging from 1 to 4 that are based on the relative reliability and importance of each test, and the resulting total is compared to a database of known organisms.

Answer 7

Numerical Rapid Identification

Question 8

1. Cells from a single colony are lysed, and their proteins are extracted in acetonitrile.
2. Cellular proteins in the extract are read using a mass spectrophotometer that measures the molecular mass of proteins in the sample (Figure 10.10).
   3.The data obtained are then compared to commercial databases.

Answer 8

Automated rapid identification

Question 9

science that study blood serum and immune response that are evident in serum; involves reactions of microorganisms with specific antibodies

Answer 9

SEROLOGY

Question 10

1. samples of an unknown bacterium are placed in a drop of saline on each of several slides. Then a different known antiserum is added to each sample. The bacteria agglutinate (clump) when mixed with antibodies that were produced in response to that species or strain of bacterium; a positive test is indicated by the presence of agglutination.

Answer 10

slide agglutination test

Question 11

known antibodies are placed in (and adhere to) the wells of a microplate, and an unknown type of bacterium is added to each well. A reaction between the known antibodies and the bacteria provides identification of the bacteria.

Answer 11

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Question 12

used to identify antibodies in a patient’s serum.

Answer 12

Western blottin

Question 13

Identification of bacterial species and strains by determining their susceptibility to various phages. Also looks for similarities among bacteria like serological testing.

Answer 13

Phage Typing

Question 14

bacterial viruses that usually cause lysis of the bacterial cells they infect.

Answer 14

Bacteriophages (phages)

Question 15

designed to separate cellular fatty acids to compare them to fatty acid profiles of known organisms

Answer 15

Fatty Acid Profiles

Question 16

can be used to identify bacteria in a sample without culturing the bacteria.

Answer 16

Flow cytometry

Question 17

technique used in the lab to make millions of copies of a particular section of DNA; a common tool used in medical and biological research labs. It is used in the early stages of processing DNA forsequencing, for detecting the presence or absence of a gene to help identifypathogensduring infection, and when generating forensic DNA profiles from tiny samples of DNA.

Answer 17

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

Question 18

an enzyme that copies DNA. It is isolated from a heat-loving bacterium that is naturally found in hot springs, so the enzyme doesn’t break down at the high temperatures necessary for copying DNA using apolymerasechain reaction.

Answer 18

Taq polymerase

Question 19

a process of heating and cooling

Answer 19

THERMAL CYCLING

Question 20

3 MAIN STAGES OF PCR

1. when the double-stranded template **DNA is heated **to separate itinto two single strands.
2. When the** temperature is lowered t**o enable the DNA primers to attach to the template DNA.
3. when the temperature is raised and the new strand of DNA is made by the Taq polymerase enzyme.

Answer 20

1. DENATURING
2. ANNEALING
3. EXTENDING

Question 21

use an organism’s DNA base composition to draw conclusions about relatedness.

Answer 21

DNA Sequencing

Question 22

The number and sizes of DNA fragments, or DNA fingerprints, produced by restriction enzymes are used to determine genetic similarities.

Answer 22

DNA Fingerprinting

Question 23

DNA from two microorganisms is treated with the same restriction enzyme, and the restriction fragments (RFLPs) produced are separated by electrophoresis

Answer 23

DNA FIngerprint

Question 24

The sequence of bases in ribosomal RNA can be used in the classification of organisms

Answer 24

Ribotyping: rRNA Sequencing

Question 25

Single strands of DNA or RNA, from related organisms will hydrogen-bond to form a double-stranded molecule; this bonding is called nucleic acid hybridization.

Answer 25

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Question 26

A DNA probe used to identify bacteria.——- is used to detect specific DNA. This modification of southern blot is used to detect salmonella.

Answer 26

Southern Blotting

Question 27

can quickly detect a pathogen in a host or the environment by identifying a gene that is unique to that pathogen

Answer 27

DNA Chip or Microarray

Question 28

Fluorescent dye–labeled RNA or DNA probes are used to stain microorganisms in place, or in situ; A DNA or RNA probe attached to fluorescent dyes is used to identify chromosomes.

Answer 28

Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Question 29

• used to diagnosis Zika virus in pregnant women and identify the source of rabies viruses;
• use PCR, reverse-transcription PCR, and real-time PCR

Answer 29

Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)

Question 30

a variation of thepolymerase chain reactionthat typically** measures RNA expression levels.**

Answer 30

RT-PCR, also known as**Reverse Transcriptase PCR, **

Question 31

alledreal-time PCRor quantitativereal-time PCR, is aPCR-based technique that couples amplification of a target DNA sequence with quantification of the concentration of that DNA species in the reaction.

Answer 31

QuantitativePCR(qPCR)

Question 32

ntification is based on successive questions, and each question has two possible answers.

Answer 32

Dichotomous Key

Question 33

Is a depiction of patterns of shared characteristics among taxa

Answer 33

Cladogram

Question 34

clade

Signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendant

Answer 34

monophyletic

Question 35

clade

Is a grouping that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

Answer 35

paraphyletic

Question 36

Includes numerous types of organisms that lack a common ancestor

Answer 36

polyphyletic