Unit 2 (A): Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards
3 Basic Shapes
Rod-shaped; plural bacilli, meaning “little rods or walking sticks”
Bacillus
3 Basic Shapes
Spherical shaped; plural cocci, meaning “berries”
Coccus
3 Basic Shapes
(Vibrio, Spirillum, Spirochete)
* Have one more twists; they are never
straight
Spirals
cell arrangement
- cocci
- diplococci
- streptococci
- staphylococci
- tetrad
- sarcinae
- bacillus
- diplobacilli
- streptobacilli
- coccobacilli
- vibrio
- spirilia
- spirochete
- means “sugar coat”, substances that
surround the cell; Described as capsule or
slime layer; - serve in many bacteria as a
protection device, blocking the immune
system from attacking them. - a very important
component of biofilms
Glycocalyx
- a complex structure of microbiome having
different bacterial colonies or single type
of cells in a group; adhere to the surface - defined as a community of micro-organisms irreversibly attached to a surface and encased in an EPS, with increased resistance to host cellular and chemical responses.
biofilm
Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria
Flagellum/-a
parts of flagella
- long outermost region
- where the filament is attached to
- anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane
- filament
- hook
- basal body
ability of a organism to move by itself
motility
bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of
the cell, that enable corkscrew-like
motion
axial filaments
a group of bacteria that
have unique structure and motility. One
of the best-known spirochetes
spirochetes
- tube-like structures that grow out of
gram-negative bacteria. These occur in
clumps or spread across the entire surface
that allow for attachment of bacteria. - can occur at the poles of the
bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed
over the entire surface of the cell.
o They can number anywhere from
fimbriae
- tube-like structures that occur in low numbers and allow for the transfer of DNA between bacterial cells.
- usually longer than fimbriae and
number only one or two per cell.
pilus/-i
- a complex, semirigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell.
- contributes to the ability of some species to cause disease and is the site of action of some antibiotics.
cell wall
consists of a repeating disaccharide connected by polypeptides to form a lattice that surrounds and protects the entire cell.
peptidoglycan
- has thin layer of peptidoglycan
- do not contain teichoic acids.
- they are more susceptible to mechanical breakage due to thin layer of peptidoglycan
- less sensitive to medications because outer membrane acts as additional barries
gram - cell wall
- has a thick layer of peptidoglycan
- contain teichoic acids, which consist primarily of an alcohol (such as glycerol or ribitol) and phosphate.
gram + cell wall
smallest known bacteria that can grow and reproduce outside living host cells.
mycoplasmas
a thin lipid bilayer than encases the cytoplasm of the cell.
cell membrane
movement of material
- does not require energy to occur
- high to low concentration
passive process
passive process
movement of ions or molecules from a
location of high concentration to low
concentration.
simple diffusion
passive process
Diffusion that occurs through a protein called a transporter.
facilitated diffusion
passive process
the net movement of solvent
molecules across a semipermeable
membrane
osmosis
osmotic pressure
solutes concentration is equal inside and outside a membrane
isotonic
solutes are at a lower concentration outside the cell than inside
hypotonic
solutes are at a higher concentration outside the cell than inside
hypertonic
movement across a membrane that requires energy.
ative process
the fluid component inside the
plasma membrane.
cytoplasm
contains the DNA of the bacterial
chromosome.
nucleoid
small, nonessential, circular DNA (5-100 genes generally not crucial for the survival of the bacterium
plasmids
- are resting structures formed by some bacteria; they allow survival during adverse environmental conditions.
- “resting cells” Storage of DNA—to
survive harsh condition; when
condition is right it come out and form
new bacterial cells (Vegetative= parent
cell). It allows the bacterium to
produce a dormant and highly
resistant cell to preserve the cell’s
genetic material in times of extreme
stress.
endospores
process of endospore formation within a
vegetative (parent) cell and it takes several hours
sporulation