Unit 2 (A): Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cells

Question 1

3 Basic Shapes

Rod-shaped; plural bacilli, meaning “little rods or walking sticks”

Answer 1

Bacillus

Question 2

3 Basic Shapes

Spherical shaped; plural cocci, meaning “berries”

Answer 2

Coccus

Question 3

3 Basic Shapes

(Vibrio, Spirillum, Spirochete)
* Have one more twists; they are never
straight

Answer 3

Spirals

Question 4

cell arrangement

Answer 4

1. cocci
2. diplococci
3. streptococci
4. staphylococci
5. tetrad
6. sarcinae
7. bacillus
8. diplobacilli
9. streptobacilli
10. coccobacilli
11. vibrio
12. spirilia
13. spirochete

Question 5

• means “sugar coat”, substances that
  surround the cell; Described as capsule or
  slime layer;
• serve in many bacteria as a
  protection device, blocking the immune
  system from attacking them.
• a very important
  component of biofilms

Answer 5

Glycocalyx

Question 6

• a complex structure of microbiome having
  different bacterial colonies or single type
  of cells in a group; adhere to the surface
• defined as a community of micro-organisms irreversibly attached to a surface and encased in an EPS, with increased resistance to host cellular and chemical responses.

Answer 6

biofilm

Question 7

Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria

Answer 7

Flagellum/-a

Question 8

parts of flagella

1. long outermost region
2. where the filament is attached to
3. anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane

Answer 8

1. filament
2. hook
3. basal body

Question 9

ability of a organism to move by itself

Answer 9

motility

Question 10

bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of
the cell, that enable corkscrew-like
motion

Answer 10

axial filaments

Question 11

a group of bacteria that
have unique structure and motility. One
of the best-known spirochetes

Answer 11

spirochetes

Question 12

• tube-like structures that grow out of
  gram-negative bacteria. These occur in
  clumps or spread across the entire surface
  that allow for attachment of bacteria.
• can occur at the poles of the
  bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed
  over the entire surface of the cell.
  o They can number anywhere from

Answer 12

fimbriae

Question 13

• tube-like structures that occur in low numbers and allow for the transfer of DNA between bacterial cells.
• usually longer than fimbriae and
  number only one or two per cell.

Answer 13

pilus/-i

Question 14

• a complex, semirigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell.
• contributes to the ability of some species to cause disease and is the site of action of some antibiotics.

Answer 14

cell wall

Question 15

consists of a repeating disaccharide connected by polypeptides to form a lattice that surrounds and protects the entire cell.

Answer 15

peptidoglycan

Question 16

• has thin layer of peptidoglycan
• do not contain teichoic acids.
• they are more susceptible to mechanical breakage due to thin layer of peptidoglycan
• less sensitive to medications because outer membrane acts as additional barries

Answer 16

gram - cell wall

Question 17

• has a thick layer of peptidoglycan
• contain teichoic acids, which consist primarily of an alcohol (such as glycerol or ribitol) and phosphate.

Answer 17

gram + cell wall

Question 18

smallest known bacteria that can grow and reproduce outside living host cells.

Answer 18

mycoplasmas

Question 19

a thin lipid bilayer than encases the cytoplasm of the cell.

Answer 19

cell membrane

Question 20

movement of material

• does not require energy to occur
• high to low concentration

Answer 20

passive process

Question 21

passive process

movement of ions or molecules from a
location of high concentration to low
concentration.

Answer 21

simple diffusion

Question 22

passive process

Diffusion that occurs through a protein called a transporter.

Answer 22

facilitated diffusion

Question 23

passive process

the net movement of solvent
molecules across a semipermeable
membrane

Answer 23

osmosis

Question 24

osmotic pressure

solutes concentration is equal inside and outside a membrane

Answer 24

isotonic

Question 25

solutes are at a **lower concentration outside** the cell than inside

Answer 25

hypotonic

Question 26

solutes are at a **higher concentration outside** the cell than inside

Answer 26

hypertonic

Question 27

movement across a membrane that requires energy.

Answer 27

ative process

Question 28

the fluid component inside the plasma membrane.

Answer 28

cytoplasm

Question 29

contains the DNA of the bacterial chromosome.

Answer 29

nucleoid

Question 30

small, nonessential, circular DNA (5-100 genes generally not crucial for the survival of the bacterium

Answer 30

plasmids

Question 31

* are resting structures formed by some bacteria; they allow survival during adverse environmental conditions. * “resting cells” Storage of DNA—to survive harsh condition; when condition is right it come out and form new bacterial cells (Vegetative= parent cell). It allows the bacterium to produce a dormant and highly resistant cell to preserve the cell's genetic material in times of extreme stress.

Answer 31

endospores

Question 32

process of endospore formation within a vegetative (parent) cell and it takes several hours

Answer 32

sporulation