Unit 4.2: Bioenergetics Flashcards
What is the first law of thermodynamics
Conservation of energy : energy cannot be created or destroy; it can only change form
What is the link of the conservation of energy to this course
from glucose (food) to ATP
What is the second law of thermodynamics
Entropy increases
What is the link of the increase of entropy to this course
food to ATP + heat
cells/organisms also tend toward entropy, therefore, require energy to maintain homeostasis
Explain what is a redox reaction
Redox reactions combine oxidation with reduction
What are food with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen are more likely to do?
To be oxidized, lose electrons, release more energy
Describe what is oxidation
adding oxygen or removing hydrogen : release energy
Describe what is reduction
adding hydrogen or removing oxygen : requires energy
Give the formula of ATP hydrolysis releasing energy
ATP + H20 —> ADP + Pi + energy
What is the general function (types of work) done by ATP
biosynthesis, active transport, movement
What do enzymes do?
They are biological catalysts that increase rate of chemical reactions
How do enzymes perform their role?
- Lower activation energy
- are substrate specific
- many require co-factors
- activity affected by environment
- organized in metabolic pathways
Name three types of hydrogen shuttles
- NAD+/NADH
- FAD/FADH2
- NADP+/NADPH
Explain the hydrogen shuttle NAD+/NADH
breaks C-H bonds in organic molecules and transfer H from carbon to oxygen in order to make water
Explain the hydrogen shuttle FAD/FADH2
Transfers hydrogen from organic molecules to oxygen
