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AP Human Geography > Unit 4.1-4.2 > Flashcards

Unit 4.1-4.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is language?

A

A system of communication through speech, movement, sounds, or symbols understood by a group of people

Movement includes signs like thumbs up, not just sign language.

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2
Q

What is a language family?

A

A collection of languages related through a common ancestral language

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3
Q

What are the classifications of languages based on usage?

A
  • Institutional
  • Developing
  • Vigorous
  • Threatened
  • Dying
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4
Q

Define ‘Institutional’ language.

A

Used in work, education, mass media, and government

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5
Q

Define ‘Developing Language’.

A

In daily use by people of all ages

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6
Q

Define ‘Vigorous Language’.

A

In daily use by people of all ages, but lacks a literary tradition

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7
Q

Define ‘Threatened Language’.

A

Used for face-to-face communication, but is losing users

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8
Q

Define ‘Dying Language’.

A

Used by older people, but is not being transmitted to children

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9
Q

What is an Austronesian Language?

A

Languages related to one another but have diverged due to isolation after migration

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10
Q

What factors contribute to language divergence?

A
  • Migration
  • Isolation
  • Political factors (takeover)
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11
Q

Which language family includes the most familiar European languages?

A

Indo-European

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12
Q

Where are the most diverse sounds in language found?

A

Western Africa

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13
Q

What percentage of the world uses a language from one of seven language families?

A

More than 90%

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14
Q

What is an example of a Dravidian language?

A

South Indian languages

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15
Q

What are the branches of the Indo-European language family?

A
  • Indo-Iranian
  • Germanic
  • Balto-Slavic
  • Romance
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16
Q

What are the three major language families in Africa?

A
  • Afro-Asiatic
  • Niger-Congo
  • Nilo-Saharan
17
Q

Which language family dominates much of Northern Africa?

A

Afro-Asiatic

18
Q

What language family do more than 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa belong to?

A

Niger-Congo

19
Q

What is a Lingua Franca?

A

A language of international communication

20
Q

True or False: Linguists suspect the earliest speakers lived inland.

A

True

21
Q

What is an Official Language?

A

A language used by the government to enact legislation, public documents, and conduct other public affairs.

22
Q

What is a Working Language?

A

The language designated by international organizations.

23
Q

How many official and working languages does the United States have?

A

The United States has six official and working languages: English, French, Arabic, Spanish, Russian, and Chinese.

24
Q

What denotes Official EU languages?

A

Official EU languages are written in black, bolder font. Purple lettering denotes protected minority languages.

25
Q

What are examples of Informal Languages?

A

Franglais, Spanglish, and Denglish.

26
Q

What is a Pidgin Language?

A

A language created by learning a few grammar rules and words of a lingua franca and mixing in elements of a different language. A pidgin language has no native speakers.

27
Q

How many countries recognize English as an official language?

A

English is an official language in 56 countries and widely spoken in several others.

28
Q

What is a Dialect?

A

A regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

29
Q

What is a Standard Dialect?

A

The most acceptable or widely used dialect.

30
Q

What is an Isogloss?

A

A word-use boundary with a degree of geographic extent, marking where a word stops being used.

31
Q

What are Creole/Creolized Languages?

A

Languages that result from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

32
Q

Can dialects become distinct languages?

A

Yes, dialects may become distinct languages over time.

33
Q

What role does cultural identity play in language?

A

Cultural identity plays a role in the development and standardization of languages.

34
Q

How many vulnerable languages are there?

A

There are 592 vulnerable languages.

35
Q

How many endangered languages are there?

A

There are 640 endangered languages.

36
Q

How many severely endangered languages are there?

A

There are 537 severely endangered languages.

37
Q

How many languages are considered endangered in total?

A

More than 2400 languages are endangered.

AP Human Geography (11 decks)

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