Unit 4.1-3 (Technological Innovations, Causes/Events of Exploration & Columbus Exchange) Flashcards
What facilitated European technological developments, enabling transoceanic exploration?
Knowledge from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spreading (such as the compass, gunpowder canons, astrolabe, and lateen sail)
Causes of European Exploration
New technological advancements and a desire for trade goods
Caravel
A small, fast lateen sail ship used for long voyages
Carrack Ship
A square, lateen sail ship used for trading
To find new trade routes, states…
funded transoceanic maritime exploration (like Spain financing Christopher Columbus)
Trade Post Empires
An economic tactic where an empire was based on multiple small outposts instead of controlling large territories
Portuguese were at the front of exploration, they established trading post empires in…
Goa (India) and Malacca (SE Asia). It was funded by Prince Henry the Navigator, the first European monarch to pay for overseas expeditions in hope to find an all-water route to far EA for trade.
Vasco de Gama
Portuguese explorer who was the first to sail to India around the tip of Africa
The Three G’s of Spanish Conquest
Gold, Glory, God.
Unlike the Portuguese, instead of trading post empires, the Spanish sought to create…
colonies.
North Atlantic Crossings were conducted by ___, ____, and ____ to find…
England, France, and the Netherlands; to find a Northwest Passage (route to East Asia thru North Amer.)
France established trading posts in ___ and were unlike the Portuguese because…
Quebec; they preferred to trade with local inhabitants instead of building settlements or taking over land.
John Cabot
English explorer sent by the king to find a Northwest Passage and established colonies along the East Coat of the US such as Jamestown
Henry Hudson
Dutch explorer sent to find a Northwest Passage and established New Amsterdam (now New York City)
North America brought to Europe…
Tobacco, maize (corn), potatoes, and squash
Europe brought to North Amer…
Bananas, sugar, livestock (cattle), grains (wheat), and diseases (small pox) along with slaves who brought okra and rice
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases caused by the new connections between the East and Western hemispheres
Diseases Europe brought to America and How
Measles, Small Pox, and Malaria thru insects and rats
Great Dying
The large amount of native people who died due to European diseases (up to 90% of indigenous populations died)
What crops became a staple in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Afr?
Potatoes and corn caused a population explosion in Europe (especially Ireland) and yams increased population in Afr.
Cash Crops
Crops produced for commercial value rather than for the grower such as SUGAR, tobacco, and cotton
Cash crops were grown with…
coerced (forced) labor
Sugar was grown in Central and South Amer. because…
they had the perfect environment for growing sugar, however, indigenous slaves that didn’t die often ran away because they knew the land.
Engenhos
Engines/sugar plantations (mills) that relied on slave labor
What percent of slaves went to the Caribbean and South Amer. and how many died each year?
90% of slaves went to Carribean/South Amer. and 5-10% died each year from difficult work conditions
Creole
A blend of West African and European language
Why was music important to Africans?
It unified slave culture and was a way that they were sometimes able to communicate. They ended up influencing many genres of American music like folk and blues.
Negro Spirituals
Blend of European Christian music and African songs
European impact on the Environment and Demographics
Europeans caused a lot of deforestation due to their amount of farming and millions of Africans were shipped from Afr. to the New World
What item from America allowed Spain and other kingdoms to grow strong and why?
Silver, because Asians wanted it.
