Unit 3.1-3 (Land-Based Empires Expand/Govern and Changing Belief Systems) Flashcards
Empires expanded thanks to…
the use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade
Tamerlane
The father of gunpowder empires who established the “ghazi ideal” (model warrior life)
Gunpowder Empire
A group of large Muslim states in central Asia that used gunpowder to conquer land
Examples of Gunpowder Empires
Ottoman Empire (Sunni), Safavid Empire (Shia), Mughal Empire (Syncretic), and Russian Empire (Orthodox Christian)
Ottoman Empire (Sunni; Mehmed II)
Used cannons to conquer Constantinople and navy to conquer and force Venice to pay tributes. Declined due to lost battle and political conflict.
Sunni Islam
Any devout Muslim can be a spiritual leader
Safavid Empire (Shia; Ismail & Abbas the Great)
Ismali used gunpowder to conquer and Abbas forced Christian boys to serve in army (Devshirme); also used Shia to unify empire. Declined due to leaders wasting money on luxuries, rebellion in Afghan., and lost battle to Ottomans
Shia Islam
Only those related to the prophet Mohammed can be a spiritual leader
Mughal Empire (Mix of Hindu & Muslim; Barbur & Akbar the Great)
Barbur used gunpowder to conquer northern India and Akbar tolerated all religions and patronized (gave move) them; gave Hindus gov. positions and married Hindu women, didn’t tax Hindus, and tried to stop child marriage/sati (widow suicide after losing husband). Declined due to loss of wealth after failed expansion attempt and intolerant religion policies of Arunbang.
Qing China (Emperor Kangxi)
Military force and gunpowder used to incorporate Taiwan, Mongolia, and parts of Cent. Asia under Kangxi and additions to western China under Emperor Qianlong
White Lotus Rebellion
Unsuccessful peasant revolt over high taxes
Russia (Ivan IV/the Terrible)
Attacked Siberian kingdoms using gunpowder and cossacks (peasant warriors) because he wanted to control the fur trade
Political and Religious Disputes Between States were caused by…
rivalries and conflicts
Ottoman vs. Safavid Empires
Safavid denies Sunnis right to live in their land, angering Ottoman empire and they establish trade embargo (bans on trade) with Safavid; Battle of Tabriz won by Ottomans and stops western Safavid expansion
Mughals vs. Hindu Indians
Akbar’s grandson, Aurangzeb, becomes leader and persecutes Hindus as a devout Muslim and so religious minorities rebel against him, collapsing his empire
To maintain their power, rulers…
recruited bureaucratic elites and military power. England used “justices of peace” appointed by king.
Janissaries
Special military units made up of devshirme (drafted Christian boys of Ottoman Empire) to expand Ottoman rule.
Boyars
Russian land owning nobles
Oprichnina
A secret military formed to do Ivan the Terrible’s will
Zamindars
Paid government officials of the Mughal Empire in charge of specific duties
Divine Right of Kings
The belief that the right to rule is given to a king by God such as the French king Louis XIV
Askia the Great of Songhai (West Afr.)
Made Islam the official religion and went on a pilgrimage to Mecca
Rulers used ____ to solidify their rule
religious beliefs, artwork, and monumental architecture
Examples of monumental architectures used to display power:
Mughal Taj Mahal, (Sulaymaniyah) Ottoman Mosque, French Palace of Versailles, Chinese Forbidden Palace and Qing Imperial Portraits
Rulers used ______ to _____ and expand their power
tax collection systems; generate revenue
Examples of tax collection systems
Russian head (individual) tax, Ottoman tax farming, Mughal Zamindars collected taxes, Ming China and Aztecs collected tributes, Incan Mit’a System
Control in Russia and Effects of Ivan IV
System similar to Feudalism system of Europe, Ivan IV forced boyars to move to Moscow to keep an eye on them (so did Louis XIV), separated Russia into provinces, collected taxes, and created a senate to advise the gov. while he was away
Japan Government
Utilized feudal system, with Shoguns being a military leader, Daimyos being lords over provinces and Samurais being knights. Shogun Tokugawa required daimyo to live in capital most of the time or to have their families live there to keep watch over them and prevent them from rebelling.
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement that split the Catholic church and formed a new branch of Christianity in the 16th Century. Led by Martin Luther, a Catholic monk who was upset by church corruption and nailed the 95 Theses (protestant beliefs that salvation was through grace, nothing else)
Causes of Protestant Reformation
Simony (selling church positions to highest bidder )and Indulgences (pardons of sin that were paid for)
Calvinism
Branch of Christianity by French theologian John Calvin that believed God chose who went to heaven and who went to hell.
Protestant Work Ethic
Part of Calvinism that believed hard work was a sign of salvation
Anglicanism
Branch of Christianity by King Henry VIII because the Pope wouldn’t let him divorce his wife
Counter-Reformation
A response from the Catholic Church to the Reformation; inquisition courts (used to find and punish Protestants, Jews, and Muslims), Jesuits (Catholic missionaries), and Council of Trent (church conference that reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and got rid of corrupt parts)
Catholicism remained ____ in ____
strongest; Spain, France, and Portugal
Peace of Augsburg
An effect of conflicts over religion that allowed individual German states to choose between Catholic and Protestant leadership
Edict of Nantes
Issued by King Henry IV that allowed for religious freedom in France
30 Years War
A religious conflict within the Holy Roman Empire leading to famine, starvation, and disease
Peace of Westphalia
Allowed every state of the HRE to choose between Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism, allowing Austria and Prussia to rise to power
Orthodox Church and Reforms in Russia
Peter the Great puts church under his control by abolishing the patriarch (head of church)m established the “Holy Synod” which answered to the Tsar, and raised monk age to 50 to encourage youths to join the army instead of the church
Causes of conflict between Ottomans and Safavids
Differences in theology and trade embargos
Sikhism (Guru Nanak)
Syncretic belief between Hinduism and Islam that was monotheistic (Muslim) but believed in samsara/reincarnation (Hindu)
