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Bio-121 > Unit 4 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 4 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Binary Fission

A

The process whereby prokaryotic cells divide

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells spend the majority of time in which phase?

A

Interphase

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3
Q

M Phase

A

the time during which the parent cell divides into two daughter cells

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4
Q

Interphase

A

the time between M phases
Interphase lasts 10−14 hours
Cell makes preparations for division:
i. replication of DNA in the nucleus
ii. increase in cell size

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5
Q

G1 (first “gap”) phase

A

-the size and protein content of the cell increases in preparation for the S phase
-regulatory proteins are made and activated

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6
Q

S (Synthesis) phase

A

the entire DNA content in the nucleus of the cell is replicated

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7
Q

G2 (second gap) phase

A

the cell prepares for mitosis and cytokinesis

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8
Q

G0 phase

A

-differs from G1 because there is no preparation taking place for cell division
-this phase is present in cell types that do not actively divide: liver and nerve cells

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9
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

carry the same set of genes, one from the mother and one from the father

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10
Q

haploid

A

Cells with one complete set of chromosomes

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11
Q

A cell with a diploid number of 8 contains…

A

Two sets of 4 chromosomes

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12
Q

Prophase (Mitosis)

A

Chromosomes condense
Centrosomes radiate microtubules and migrate to opposite poles

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13
Q

Prometaphase (Mitosis)

A

Microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes

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14
Q

Kinetochores

A

-Proteins that associate with centromeres
- Each kinetochore associates with a sister chromatid to form the attachment site for a single microtubule
-Ensure that each sister chromatid is attached to a microtubule radiating from one of the poles of the cell

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15
Q

Metaphase (Mitosis)

A

Chromosomes align in he center of the cell

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16
Q

Anaphase (Mitosis)

A

Sister chromatids (which become individual chromosomes when the centromere splits) separate and travel to opposite poles

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17
Q

Telophase (Mitosis)

A

Nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense

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18
Q

Cytokinesis (Animal)

A

Actin filaments form the contractile ring perpendicular to the spindle axis; the ring contracts and pinches the cell into two

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19
Q

Cytokinesis (Plant)

A

Formation of the cell plate which eventually becomes the cell wall

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20
Q

Where does mitotic cell division occur?

A

occurs only in specialized germ cells that give rise to sperm and egg cells

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21
Q

Properties of Meiotic Cell Division

A

Results in four daughter cells

Each daughter cell contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent

Each daughter cell is genetically unique

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22
Q

Synapsis

A

homologous chromosomes pair with each other gene for gene to form a bivalent

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23
Q

Chiasmata

A

Homologous chromosomes of maternal origin and paternal origin
undergo an exchange of DNA segments

24
Q

Metaphase I

A

meiotic spindle is fully formed and bivalents move to center of cell

25
Anaphase I
homologous chromosomes of each bivalent separate but sister chromatids do not split
26
Telophase I
chromosomes relax, nuclear envelopes reappear, cytoplasm divides
27
End Result of Meiosis I
Two daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes (in humans)
28
Prophase II
The nuclear envelope breaks down and the chromosomes condense
29
Metaphase II
Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell
30
Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate
31
Telophase II
the nuclear envelope reforms
32
Fertilization
gametes fuse to form a single cell called a zygote, restoring the original chromosome number (diploid)
33
G1/S Cyclin-CDK complex
-active at the end of G1 - prepares the cell for S phase
34
S Cyclin-CDK complex
- initiates DNA synthesis during the S phase - activates protein complexes involved in DNA replication
35
M Cyclin-CDK complex
- active at end of G2 and beginning of M - initiates multiple events associated with mitosis
36
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Allow cells to pause the cell cycle if something is not right
37
DNA damage checkpoint
checks for damaged DNA before it enters S phase
38
DNA replication checkpoint
checks for the presence of un-replicated DNA before the cell enters mitosis
39
Spindle assembly checkpoint
checks for attachment of all chromosomes to the spindle before the cell progresses with mitosis
40
genotype
genetic makeup of an organism or cell
41
phenotype
an individual's observable characteristics
42
A allele
most common, normal beta-globin function
43
S-allele
affects Beta-globin fucktion, associated with sickle cell amneia
44
C allele
affects beta-gobin function, associated with mild amneia
45
transmission genetics
the manner in which genetic difference among individuals are passed down from generation to generation
46
blending inheritance
traits in the offspring resemble the average of those in the parents
47
true breeding organisms
the physical appearance of the offspring in each successive generation is identical to the previous one
48
The Principle of Segregation
separation of alleles int o different gametes
49
Helicase Function in DNA Replication
unwinds DNA duplex
50
Topoisomerase II Function in DNA Replication
relieves the stress of unwinding
51
Origin of Replication
section of DNA where replication begins
52
Replication of Circular DNA
replication starts at the origin and moves around the circular chromosome in both directions (1 ORI)
53
Replication of Linear DNA
rate: 50 nucleotides/second a chromosome replicates because it has multiple ORIs
54
lagging strand
3' end pointing away from the replication fork synthesized in short, discontinuous polymers called okazaki fragments
55
leading strand
3' end points toward the replication fork synthesized as one long, continuous polymer as the parental strand is unwound

Bio-121 (14 decks)

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