Lecture 15

Question 1

what is cellular respiration?

Answer 1

definition: the process in which sugars (glucose) are converted into usable energy (ATP)
sugar+oxygen->CO2+Water+Energy

Question 2

what are thenfour stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 2

1. Glycolysis (cytoplasm): Glucose is partially broken down and energy is released; lipids and proteins may also be broken down by different pathways
2. Acetyl-CoA synthesis (mitochondria): Pyruvate, produced from the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis, is converted to Acetyl-CoA and CO2
3. Citric Acid Cycle (mitochondria): Acetyl-CoA is broken down releasing CO2, energy, and electron carriers
4. Oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondria): electron carriers from stages 1−3 release their high-energy electrons to the electron-transport chain to produce ATP

Question 3

describe the.oxidation reactions

Answer 3

Oxidation: loss of electrons/decrease in electron density
Reduction: gain of electrons/increase in electron density

Question 4

how is the breakdown of glucose relative to an oxidation-reduction?

Answer 4

glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide and oxygen is reduced to water

Question 5

carbohydrate catabolism process

Answer 5

-Chemical energy is stored in reduced molecules like carbohydrates that have high potential energy
-The energy released from carbohydrates occurs gradually in a series of reactions
-The chemical energy of glucose is transferred to the chemical bonds of ATP and electron carriers

Question 6

describe and compare the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD

Answer 6

-The oxidized forms of these carriers are NAD+ and FAD
- The reduced forms are NADH and FADH2

Question 7

process of substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 8

glycolysis

Question 9

3 stages of glycolysis

Question 10

for each phase of glycolysis, know the reactants and products for these reactions…