Unit 4 Topics Flashcards
1
Q
photosynthesis takes place (inside/outside) chloroplasts
A
inside
2
Q
bacteria + endosymbiosis = ____________
A
chloroplasts
3
Q
an organism (host cell) engulfs a free-living bacterium, creating a new organelle within the host cell
A
endosymbiosis
4
Q
in this case, a photosynthetic bacterium is engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell, creating a ______________ _________
A
photosynthetic eukaryote
5
Q
endosymbiosis is ___________ - the bacteria gets a safe place to live, the eukaryote gets sugar(s)
A
mutualistic
6
Q
symbionts reproduce separately AND have their own DNA
A
endosymbiotic theory
7
Q
origin of organelles:
A
- start with 2 independent bacteria
- 1 bacterium engulfs the other
- 1 bacterium now lives inside the other
- both bacteria benefit from the arrangement
- the internal bacteria are passed on from generation to generation
8
Q
organisms of different species that live in a relationship with each other
A
symbionts
9
Q
eukaryotic cell engulfs and absorbs a prokaryotic cell
A
primary endosymbiosis
10
Q
eukaryotic cell engulfs and absorbs another eukaryotic cell (the cell created in primary endosymbiosis then goes on to absorb other cells like itself)
A
secondary endosymbiosis
11
Q
base of the “food chain” and ecosystems
A
green algae
12
Q
photosynthesizing algae in the ocean produce (#)% of the oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere
A
70
13
Q
green algae is a massive ___ producer. some algae contain 1,000x as much ___ as corn
A
oil
14
Q
these 2 factors contribute to plant cells’ lack of movement, but they help the cell survive when exposed to too much water or too little of water
A
plant water vacuoles and cell wall
15
Q
plants are important for:
A
- food
- O2
- ecosystems
- humans and society
- furniture/clothing
- medicine
16
Q
plants hold ____ in place and they add nitrogen into the soil (helps the nutrient cycle)
A
soil
17
Q
plants can be used to make _____ (–> books)
A
paper
18
Q
plants can aid in ________ _______
A
chemical defense
19
Q
______ (bryophytes) are the most original LAND plants (there are fossils of ______ from ~500 million years ago)
A
mosses
20
Q
mosses (have/don’t have) a vascular system or roots
A
don’t - they cannot grow tall
21
Q
mosses contain ________ _____, which means mosses need water to reproduce
A
swimming sperm
22
Q
female structure of mosses (include the egg)
A
archegonia
23
Q
male structure of mosses (include the swimming sperm)
A
antheridia
24
Q
_____ (pterophytes) are from ~400 million years ago
A
ferns
25
ferns _(have/don't have)_ a vascular system, which allows for tall growth of the sporophyte
have
26
ferns have a _______ and _______, which keeps water from evaporating
cuticle, stomata
27
there are around _(#)_ species of ferns
11,000
28
ferns are both __________ (2n) and ___________ (n) photosynthetic (both generations are capable of photosynthesis)
sporophyte, gametophyte
29
sporangia are located in the ____
sori
30
tiny openings on the surface of leaves, play an important role in gas exchange and photosynthesis (can open/close)
stomata
31
transports water and nutrients from roots to various parts of plants
xylem
32
H2O and soil minerals move from the roots, up the plant via ____, H2O exits through the _______ (example of transpiration)phloem
xylem, stomata
33
transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis to the rest of the plant (sugars produced in the leaves are then distributed to all cells)
phloem
34
________ (gymnosperms) are from ~300 million years ago
conifers
35
conifers have a vascular system and _______
stomata
36
conifers reproduce using ______ and _____ (they don't have fruits)
pollen, seeds
37
packet of sperm which do not require water to reproduce
pollen
38
seeds are ______ durable, provide food for the embryo, and they allow dormancy to survive harsh periods before germination
highly
39
single cell enclosed in a durable coating; it HAS to grow wherever it lands
spore
40
has a wing and can land in a slightly less hospitable area and send roots out to grow, MORE DURABLE
seed
41
___________ (flowering plants) are from ~200 million years ago
angiosperms
42
angiosperms have a ________ system and stomata
vascular
43
angiosperms reproduce using ______ and _____
pollen, seeds
44
angiosperms have _________ dispersal - flowers and fruits
symbiotic
45
_______ are more efficient with pollination (co-evolution with insects)
flowers
46
seeds are enclosed in fruit, more efficient with ____________ (use animals to increase range)
distribution
47
flower structure:
1. pollen is located in the anther (then transferred to the pollinator)
2. pollen lands on the stigma
3. the pollen tube grows down style
4. fertilization then occurs in the ovule
48
double fertilization results in an __________ seed
angiosperm
49
1 sperm fertilizes the egg (producing an embryo) and 1 sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei (producing an endosperm)
double fertilization
50
with double fertilization, __________ disintegrate and _________ are destroyed by the pollen tube
antipodals, synergids
51
fruits grow from the _____ of a plant (and usually contain seeds)
ovary
52
vegetables grow from a __________ part of a plant such as the roots, stems, or leaves
vegetative
53
water diffuses across a membrane
osmosis
54
osmosis is limited by the ______ (rigidity) of the cell wall)
turgor
55
molecules move from high concentration to low concentration
concentration gradient
56
a combination of rigidity and concentration gradient (the potential energy of water in a system compared to pure water)
water potential
57
____ _____ + mycorrhizae = an increase in surface area
root hairs
58
______ _________ of solutes increase the mineral concentration in cells which causes water to flow in
active transport
59
process of mineral/H2O flow through cells to reach the xylem
1. must cross casparian strip
2. movement through xylem
3. stomata (transpiration)
4. guard cell movement
60
molecules must pass through cell membranes to reach the xylem
crossing the casparian strip
61
water molecules stick together (i.e. evaporation from leaves pulls more water up)
cohesion
62
water molecules stick to the walls ("capillary action")
adhesion
63
spontaneous flow of a liquid into a narrow tube/porous material
capillary action potential
64
~90% of the water plants take in _(is/isn't)_ lost to the atmosphere
is - because the stomata is open
65
CO2 is ________ from the atmosphere (CO2 needs an open stomata)
required
66
plants can ____ and _____ the stomata to control H2O loss
open, close
67
guard cell movement:
1. solutes are pumped into guard cells
2. water flows into these cells
3. the pressure from the water intake opens the stomata
68
longer days = _(higher/lower)_ transpiration rates
higher - stomata open longer, more H2O is lost
69
high temperatures = _(higher/lower)_ transpiration rates
higher - more evaporation
70
high wind = _(higher/lower)_ transpiration rates
higher - more evaporation
71
high CO2 levels = _(higher/lower)_ transpiration rates
lower - fewer stomata develop, this also makes it easier to obtain enough CO2 for photosynthesis
72
deciduous leaves (in winter) = _(lower/higher)_ transpiration rates
lower - the leaves lose their stomata
73
sugars produced in the leaves are then distributed to the rest of the plant for cell respiration
phloem
74
movement of sugar (FROM production areas TO growing/storage areas)
translocation
75
the phloem also transports _______, _____ _____, etc.
hormones, amino acids
76
sugars flow from the source to the sink
pressure-flow theory
77
SOURCES in pressure-flow theory
photosynthetic tissues (leaves)
78
SINKS in pressure-flow theory
growing roots/stems/fruits
79
_______ _______ are both a source and sink (at different times)
storage tissues
80
Sugars are _______, they impact concentration gradients and osmosis
solutes
81
plants lean towards the light
phototropism/heliotropism
82
developmental response to the length of day/night. Light causes cells to swell on the dark side of the stem, causing the plant to lean one way
photoperiodism
83
change in the direction of a plant's growth in response to gravity. Roots grow in the direction of gravitational pull (i.e. downward), stems grow up
gravitropism
84
movement/change in orientation of a plant's growth as a reaction to touch
thigmotropism
85
movement in which growth/movement occurs in response to a chemical stimulus
chemotropism
86
plants have defenses from:
- predation
- parasitism
- competition
i.e. physical traits such as thorns, chemical traits such as acids, cooperative traits such as attracting helper animals, and mimicry
87
fungal symbionts increase the uptake of phosphorus and micronutrients
mycorrhizae
88
legumes form nodules that house symbiotic bateria and provide molybdenum
nitrogen fixation
89
predation in plants:
- plants sometimes can grow in acidic soils that lack nitrogen
- they can have modified leaves that trap small animals
- enzymes are secreted from glands which digest and absorb nutrients
90
parasitism in plants:
- the dodder vine wraps around the host and taps into its vascular tissues
- mistletoe - birds poop seed onto limbs which then grow into the host's vascular tissue
91
soil is a mixture of _____/___ (50%), minerals (45%), and organic matter/_____ (5%)
water/air, humus
92
the ____ of minerals (i.e. sand, clay) determine the water/nutrient availability
size - i.e. sand doesn't hold water/nutrients as well as clay
93
provides an increase in organic matter
topsoil
94
topsoil contains _____ _____ and mycorrhizae + nitrogen fixing bacteria
plant roots
95
bacteria and fungi release nutrients into the soil
decomposers in soil
96
T/F: animals in the top soil (i.e. worms) eat organic matter, bacteria/fungi, or each other (they also mix organic matter into the subsoil)
true
97
topsoils take _(#)_ years to make just 1 inch
1,000
98
topsoil runoff into rivers can create ______________
eutrophication
98
T/F: we are losing 1 inch of topsoil to erosion every 25-100 years
true
99
nutrients accumulate in a body of water, resulting in an increased growth of microorganisms which can deplete the water of O2
eutrophication
100
macronutrients:
C, O, H, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S
101
macronutrients: organic molecules (i.e. sugar)
C, O, H
102
macronutrient: amino acid (proteins and enzymes)
N
103
macronutrient: ATP, DNA, membranes
P
104
macronutrient: stomata function
K
105
macronutrient: cell walls and membranes
Ca
106
macronutrient: chlorophyll
Mg
107
macronutrient: some amino acids
S
108
micronutrients:
Cl, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Mo
109
micronutrient: water movement and storage (osmosis, vacuoles, turgor)
Cl
110
micronutrient: nitrogen fixation
Mo (molybdenum)
111
_______ ______ alters the C-N ratio in a plant
climate change
112
with higher CO2 levels, photosynthesis is increased, but there's not extra N or other nutrients, so, plants have a _(lower/higher)_ nutritional value
lower
113
unicellular organisms, often missing (or modified) mitochondria
excavata
114
_______ are the only excavates with chloroplasts
euglena
115
chloroplasts are _(homologous/analogous)_ to plants
analogous
116
brown algae (kelp and sargassum), diatoms
S in SAR
117
dinoflagellates (red tides), ciliates (paramecium), apicomplexans (plasmodium), toxoplasmosis
A in SAR:
118
responsible for fossils and evolution, oil exploration
- radiolarians - silica "skeleton" (test)
- foraminifera - calcium test
- fossils can be used to determine ancient atmospheric conditions (isotopes are used to make the tests)
R in SAR:
119
T/F: archaea have a type of lipid that can withstand extreme environments (but found in every environment)
true
120
bacteria have _____________ as a cell wall
peptidoglycan
121
archaea ____ peptidoglycan for their cell wall
lack
122
rod-shaped
bacillus
123
sphere-shaped
coccus
124
spiral-shaped
spirillum
125
molecular analyses of bacteria that come back purple show _(lots/little)_ of peptidoglycan
lots
126
molecular analyses of bacteria that come back pink show a _(abundance/lack)_ of peptidoglycan
lack
127
maintains the shape of the cell and withstands hypotonic (high water) environments
peptidoglycan
128
gelatinous layer found in SOME bacteria, aids in attachment, protects from host immune system
capsule
129
long whip-like structure that spins like a propeller for locomotion
flagella
130
short, hair-like structures that aid in attachment
pili and fimbriae
131
specialized type of pili found in bacteria, allows for the transfer of DNA between bacteria during the process of bacteria conjugation
sex pilus
132
bacteria _(have/don't have)_ organelles, but complex internal membranes to isolate regions' functions
don't have
133
the nucleoid region of a bacteria contains:
a single, circular chromosome (and sometimes plasmids)
134
prokaryotes reproduce using ______ _______
binary fission
135
1. single organism duplicates its genetic material
2. the parent cell divides into 2 new daughter cells
3. each daughter cell receives 1 copy of the genetic material
binary fission
136
horizontal gene transfer by: cell-to-cell contact
conjugation
137
horizontal gene transfer by: viruses
transduction
138
horizontal gene transfer from: the environment
transformation
139
energy from the sun
phototroph
140
energy from molecules
chemotroph
141
organo-
organic
142
litho-
inorganic
143
aerobic respiration uses:
O2
144
anaerobic respiration does not use ___
O2
145
bacteria are a ____ ________ of life on earth
vast majority
146
T/F: many bacterial diseases are reappearing
true
147
viruses that infect bacteria
bacteriophages
