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Biology 181 (Fall '24) > Unit 4 Topics > Flashcards

Unit 4 Topics Flashcards

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1
Q

photosynthesis takes place (inside/outside) chloroplasts

A

inside

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2
Q

bacteria + endosymbiosis = ____________

A

chloroplasts

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3
Q

an organism (host cell) engulfs a free-living bacterium, creating a new organelle within the host cell

A

endosymbiosis

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4
Q

in this case, a photosynthetic bacterium is engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell, creating a ______________ _________

A

photosynthetic eukaryote

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5
Q

endosymbiosis is ___________ - the bacteria gets a safe place to live, the eukaryote gets sugar(s)

A

mutualistic

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6
Q

symbionts reproduce separately AND have their own DNA

A

endosymbiotic theory

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7
Q

origin of organelles:

A
  1. start with 2 independent bacteria
  2. 1 bacterium engulfs the other
  3. 1 bacterium now lives inside the other
  4. both bacteria benefit from the arrangement
  5. the internal bacteria are passed on from generation to generation
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8
Q

organisms of different species that live in a relationship with each other

A

symbionts

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9
Q

eukaryotic cell engulfs and absorbs a prokaryotic cell

A

primary endosymbiosis

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10
Q

eukaryotic cell engulfs and absorbs another eukaryotic cell (the cell created in primary endosymbiosis then goes on to absorb other cells like itself)

A

secondary endosymbiosis

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11
Q

base of the “food chain” and ecosystems

A

green algae

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12
Q

photosynthesizing algae in the ocean produce (#)% of the oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere

A

70

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13
Q

green algae is a massive ___ producer. some algae contain 1,000x as much ___ as corn

A

oil

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14
Q

these 2 factors contribute to plant cells’ lack of movement, but they help the cell survive when exposed to too much water or too little of water

A

plant water vacuoles and cell wall

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15
Q

plants are important for:

A
  • food
  • O2
  • ecosystems
  • humans and society
  • furniture/clothing
  • medicine
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16
Q

plants hold ____ in place and they add nitrogen into the soil (helps the nutrient cycle)

A

soil

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17
Q

plants can be used to make _____ (–> books)

A

paper

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18
Q

plants can aid in ________ _______

A

chemical defense

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19
Q

______ (bryophytes) are the most original LAND plants (there are fossils of ______ from ~500 million years ago)

A

mosses

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20
Q

mosses (have/don’t have) a vascular system or roots

A

don’t - they cannot grow tall

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21
Q

mosses contain ________ _____, which means mosses need water to reproduce

A

swimming sperm

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22
Q

female structure of mosses (include the egg)

A

archegonia

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23
Q

male structure of mosses (include the swimming sperm)

A

antheridia

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24
Q

_____ (pterophytes) are from ~400 million years ago

A

ferns

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25
Q

ferns (have/don’t have) a vascular system, which allows for tall growth of the sporophyte

A

have

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26
Q

ferns have a _______ and _______, which keeps water from evaporating

A

cuticle, stomata

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27
Q

there are around (#) species of ferns

A

11,000

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28
Q

ferns are both __________ (2n) and ___________ (n) photosynthetic (both generations are capable of photosynthesis)

A

sporophyte, gametophyte

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29
Q

sporangia are located in the ____

A

sori

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30
Q

tiny openings on the surface of leaves, play an important role in gas exchange and photosynthesis (can open/close)

A

stomata

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31
Q

transports water and nutrients from roots to various parts of plants

A

xylem

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32
Q

H2O and soil minerals move from the roots, up the plant via ____, H2O exits through the _______ (example of transpiration)phloem

A

xylem, stomata

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33
Q

transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis to the rest of the plant (sugars produced in the leaves are then distributed to all cells)

A

phloem

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34
Q

________ (gymnosperms) are from ~300 million years ago

A

conifers

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35
Q

conifers have a vascular system and _______

A

stomata

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36
Q

conifers reproduce using ______ and _____ (they don’t have fruits)

A

pollen, seeds

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37
Q

packet of sperm which do not require water to reproduce

A

pollen

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38
Q

seeds are ______ durable, provide food for the embryo, and they allow dormancy to survive harsh periods before germination

A

highly

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39
Q

single cell enclosed in a durable coating; it HAS to grow wherever it lands

A

spore

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40
Q

has a wing and can land in a slightly less hospitable area and send roots out to grow, MORE DURABLE

A

seed

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41
Q

___________ (flowering plants) are from ~200 million years ago

A

angiosperms

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42
Q

angiosperms have a ________ system and stomata

A

vascular

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43
Q

angiosperms reproduce using ______ and _____

A

pollen, seeds

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44
Q

angiosperms have _________ dispersal - flowers and fruits

A

symbiotic

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45
Q

_______ are more efficient with pollination (co-evolution with insects)

A

flowers

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46
Q

seeds are enclosed in fruit, more efficient with ____________ (use animals to increase range)

A

distribution

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47
Q

flower structure:

A
  1. pollen is located in the anther (then transferred to the pollinator)
  2. pollen lands on the stigma
  3. the pollen tube grows down style
  4. fertilization then occurs in the ovule
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48
Q

double fertilization results in an __________ seed

A

angiosperm

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49
Q

1 sperm fertilizes the egg (producing an embryo) and 1 sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei (producing an endosperm)

A

double fertilization

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50
Q

with double fertilization, __________ disintegrate and _________ are destroyed by the pollen tube

A

antipodals, synergids

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51
Q

fruits grow from the _____ of a plant (and usually contain seeds)

A

ovary

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52
Q

vegetables grow from a __________ part of a plant such as the roots, stems, or leaves

A

vegetative

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53
Q

water diffuses across a membrane

A

osmosis

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54
Q

osmosis is limited by the ______ (rigidity) of the cell wall)

A

turgor

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55
Q

molecules move from high concentration to low concentration

A

concentration gradient

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56
Q

a combination of rigidity and concentration gradient (the potential energy of water in a system compared to pure water)

A

water potential

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57
Q

____ _____ + mycorrhizae = an increase in surface area

A

root hairs

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58
Q

______ _________ of solutes increase the mineral concentration in cells which causes water to flow in

A

active transport

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59
Q

process of mineral/H2O flow through cells to reach the xylem

A
  1. must cross casparian strip
  2. movement through xylem
  3. stomata (transpiration)
  4. guard cell movement
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60
Q

molecules must pass through cell membranes to reach the xylem

A

crossing the casparian strip

61
Q

water molecules stick together (i.e. evaporation from leaves pulls more water up)

A

cohesion

62
Q

water molecules stick to the walls (“capillary action”)

A

adhesion

63
Q

spontaneous flow of a liquid into a narrow tube/porous material

A

capillary action potential

64
Q

~90% of the water plants take in (is/isn’t) lost to the atmosphere

A

is - because the stomata is open

65
Q

CO2 is ________ from the atmosphere (CO2 needs an open stomata)

A

required

66
Q

plants can ____ and _____ the stomata to control H2O loss

A

open, close

67
Q

guard cell movement:

A
  1. solutes are pumped into guard cells
  2. water flows into these cells
  3. the pressure from the water intake opens the stomata
68
Q

longer days = (higher/lower) transpiration rates

A

higher - stomata open longer, more H2O is lost

69
Q

high temperatures = (higher/lower) transpiration rates

A

higher - more evaporation

70
Q

high wind = (higher/lower) transpiration rates

A

higher - more evaporation

71
Q

high CO2 levels = (higher/lower) transpiration rates

A

lower - fewer stomata develop, this also makes it easier to obtain enough CO2 for photosynthesis

72
Q

deciduous leaves (in winter) = (lower/higher) transpiration rates

A

lower - the leaves lose their stomata

73
Q

sugars produced in the leaves are then distributed to the rest of the plant for cell respiration

A

phloem

74
Q

movement of sugar (FROM production areas TO growing/storage areas)

A

translocation

75
Q

the phloem also transports _______, _____ _____, etc.

A

hormones, amino acids

76
Q

sugars flow from the source to the sink

A

pressure-flow theory

77
Q

SOURCES in pressure-flow theory

A

photosynthetic tissues (leaves)

78
Q

SINKS in pressure-flow theory

A

growing roots/stems/fruits

79
Q

_______ _______ are both a source and sink (at different times)

A

storage tissues

80
Q

Sugars are _______, they impact concentration gradients and osmosis

A

solutes

81
Q

plants lean towards the light

A

phototropism/heliotropism

82
Q

developmental response to the length of day/night. Light causes cells to swell on the dark side of the stem, causing the plant to lean one way

A

photoperiodism

83
Q

change in the direction of a plant’s growth in response to gravity. Roots grow in the direction of gravitational pull (i.e. downward), stems grow up

A

gravitropism

84
Q

movement/change in orientation of a plant’s growth as a reaction to touch

A

thigmotropism

85
Q

movement in which growth/movement occurs in response to a chemical stimulus

A

chemotropism

86
Q

plants have defenses from:

A
  • predation
  • parasitism
  • competition
    i.e. physical traits such as thorns, chemical traits such as acids, cooperative traits such as attracting helper animals, and mimicry
87
Q

fungal symbionts increase the uptake of phosphorus and micronutrients

A

mycorrhizae

88
Q

legumes form nodules that house symbiotic bateria and provide molybdenum

A

nitrogen fixation

89
Q

predation in plants:

A
  • plants sometimes can grow in acidic soils that lack nitrogen
  • they can have modified leaves that trap small animals
  • enzymes are secreted from glands which digest and absorb nutrients
90
Q

parasitism in plants:

A
  • the dodder vine wraps around the host and taps into its vascular tissues
  • mistletoe - birds poop seed onto limbs which then grow into the host’s vascular tissue
91
Q

soil is a mixture of _____/___ (50%), minerals (45%), and organic matter/_____ (5%)

A

water/air, humus

92
Q

the ____ of minerals (i.e. sand, clay) determine the water/nutrient availability

A

size - i.e. sand doesn’t hold water/nutrients as well as clay

93
Q

provides an increase in organic matter

A

topsoil

94
Q

topsoil contains _____ _____ and mycorrhizae + nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

plant roots

95
Q

bacteria and fungi release nutrients into the soil

A

decomposers in soil

96
Q

T/F: animals in the top soil (i.e. worms) eat organic matter, bacteria/fungi, or each other (they also mix organic matter into the subsoil)

A

true

97
Q

topsoils take (#) years to make just 1 inch

A

1,000

98
Q

topsoil runoff into rivers can create ______________

A

eutrophication

98
Q

T/F: we are losing 1 inch of topsoil to erosion every 25-100 years

A

true

99
Q

nutrients accumulate in a body of water, resulting in an increased growth of microorganisms which can deplete the water of O2

A

eutrophication

100
Q

macronutrients:

A

C, O, H, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S

101
Q

macronutrients: organic molecules (i.e. sugar)

A

C, O, H

102
Q

macronutrient: amino acid (proteins and enzymes)

A

N

103
Q

macronutrient: ATP, DNA, membranes

A

P

104
Q

macronutrient: stomata function

A

K

105
Q

macronutrient: cell walls and membranes

A

Ca

106
Q

macronutrient: chlorophyll

A

Mg

107
Q

macronutrient: some amino acids

A

S

108
Q

micronutrients:

A

Cl, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Mo

109
Q

micronutrient: water movement and storage (osmosis, vacuoles, turgor)

A

Cl

110
Q

micronutrient: nitrogen fixation

A

Mo (molybdenum)

111
Q

_______ ______ alters the C-N ratio in a plant

A

climate change

112
Q

with higher CO2 levels, photosynthesis is increased, but there’s not extra N or other nutrients, so, plants have a (lower/higher) nutritional value

A

lower

113
Q

unicellular organisms, often missing (or modified) mitochondria

A

excavata

114
Q

_______ are the only excavates with chloroplasts

A

euglena

115
Q

chloroplasts are (homologous/analogous) to plants

A

analogous

116
Q

brown algae (kelp and sargassum), diatoms

A

S in SAR

117
Q

dinoflagellates (red tides), ciliates (paramecium), apicomplexans (plasmodium), toxoplasmosis

A

A in SAR:

118
Q

responsible for fossils and evolution, oil exploration
- radiolarians - silica “skeleton” (test)
- foraminifera - calcium test
- fossils can be used to determine ancient atmospheric conditions (isotopes are used to make the tests)

A

R in SAR:

119
Q

T/F: archaea have a type of lipid that can withstand extreme environments (but found in every environment)

A

true

120
Q

bacteria have _____________ as a cell wall

A

peptidoglycan

121
Q

archaea ____ peptidoglycan for their cell wall

A

lack

122
Q

rod-shaped

A

bacillus

123
Q

sphere-shaped

A

coccus

124
Q

spiral-shaped

A

spirillum

125
Q

molecular analyses of bacteria that come back purple show (lots/little) of peptidoglycan

A

lots

126
Q

molecular analyses of bacteria that come back pink show a (abundance/lack) of peptidoglycan

A

lack

127
Q

maintains the shape of the cell and withstands hypotonic (high water) environments

A

peptidoglycan

128
Q

gelatinous layer found in SOME bacteria, aids in attachment, protects from host immune system

A

capsule

129
Q

long whip-like structure that spins like a propeller for locomotion

A

flagella

130
Q

short, hair-like structures that aid in attachment

A

pili and fimbriae

131
Q

specialized type of pili found in bacteria, allows for the transfer of DNA between bacteria during the process of bacteria conjugation

A

sex pilus

132
Q

bacteria (have/don’t have) organelles, but complex internal membranes to isolate regions’ functions

A

don’t have

133
Q

the nucleoid region of a bacteria contains:

A

a single, circular chromosome (and sometimes plasmids)

134
Q

prokaryotes reproduce using ______ _______

A

binary fission

135
Q
  1. single organism duplicates its genetic material
  2. the parent cell divides into 2 new daughter cells
  3. each daughter cell receives 1 copy of the genetic material
A

binary fission

136
Q

horizontal gene transfer by: cell-to-cell contact

A

conjugation

137
Q

horizontal gene transfer by: viruses

A

transduction

138
Q

horizontal gene transfer from: the environment

A

transformation

139
Q

energy from the sun

A

phototroph

140
Q

energy from molecules

A

chemotroph

141
Q

organo-

A

organic

142
Q

litho-

A

inorganic

143
Q

aerobic respiration uses:

A

O2

144
Q

anaerobic respiration does not use ___

A

O2

145
Q

bacteria are a ____ ________ of life on earth

A

vast majority

146
Q

T/F: many bacterial diseases are reappearing

A

true

147
Q

viruses that infect bacteria

A

bacteriophages

Biology 181 (Fall '24) (5 decks)

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