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Biology 181 (Fall '24) > PHYLUMS > Flashcards

PHYLUMS Flashcards

Unit 3

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1
Q

porifera

A

sponges

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2
Q

inner cells of sponges

A

choanocytes

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3
Q

outer cells of sponges

A

pinacocytes

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4
Q

choanocytes are responsible for:

A
  • feeding
  • massive water intake
  • filtering bacterial food
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5
Q

sponge’s middle cells are found in the ____

A

“goop”

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6
Q

sponges (have/don’t have) circulation

A

DON’T - due to water flow and surface area

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7
Q

sponges have ________ for internal and structural support

A

spicules

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8
Q

sponges defend themselves with ________ and _________

A

spicules and chemicals (these chemicals are sometimes sources for pharmaceuticals)

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9
Q

sponges (have/don’t have) germ layers

A

don’t

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10
Q

sponges have (symmetry/asymmetry)

A

asymmetry

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11
Q

T/F: sponges have cephalization

A

false

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12
Q

T/F: sponges have pores

A

true

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13
Q

cnidaria

A

jellyfish, hydra, coral, sea anemones

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14
Q

cnidaria have (#) germ layers with “jelly” in between

A

2

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15
Q

cnidaria have an (incomplete/complete) digestive system

A

incomplete

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16
Q

T/F: cnidaria have no specialized system for respiration or circulation, instead they have a gastrovascular cavity

A

true

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17
Q

cnidaria have (radial/bilateral) symmetry

A

radial

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18
Q

key trait of cnidaria: __________; responsible for feeding and defense

A

cnidocytes - deliver the sting of a jellyfish

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19
Q

cnidaria have an ___skeleton

A

exo

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20
Q

colonies with exoskeleton symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae)

A

corals

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21
Q

single-celled algae that use CO2 and waste materials of the host to supply O2 and food substances in return

A

zooxanthellae

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22
Q

coral reefs and sponges are important because they provide MASSIVE ____________, can help produce pharmaceuticals, protect coastlines, and provide jobs/resources

A

biodiversity

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23
Q

location with high amounts of nutrients and resources (high growth rate of populations, individuals leave)

A

sponges “source”

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24
Q

location where nutrients and resources are used up (high death rate)

A

sponges “sink”

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25
Q

threats to coral reefs

A
  • coral bleaching (warmer oceans)
  • ocean acidification (high CO2 levels)
  • rising sea levels (less light reaching the bottom)
  • eutrophication (fertilizer and sewage)
  • sediment
  • pollutants (chemicals/sunscreens)
  • destructive fishing/mining
  • tourism (touching/taking coral)
  • disease
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26
Q

managed coral areas act as a (source/sink) for nearby damaged areas

A

source: hand-raising and spawning coral for restoration

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27
Q

it takes (#) million years for a fully mature reef to form

A

10

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28
Q

the ultimate cause of coral reef destruction is the lack of _______ for nature and other life forms

A

respect

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29
Q

platyhelminthes

A

flatworms, tapeworms, liver fluke

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30
Q

platyhelminthes have (#) germ layers

A

3

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31
Q

platyhelminthes have (radial/bilateral) symmetry

A

bilateral

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32
Q

T/F: platyhelminthes have cephalization

A

true

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33
Q

platyhelminthes have a _____skeleton

A

hydro

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34
Q

T/F: in platyhelminthes, there is various digestion and NO transport (surface area)

A

true

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35
Q

rotifera have a (complete/incomplete) digestive tract

A

complete

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36
Q

rotifera have (bilateral/radial) symmetry

A

bilateral

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37
Q

T/F: rotifera do not have cephalization

A

false. Rotifera do have cephalization

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38
Q

rotifera (do/don’t) have respiration or transport

A

don’t - because they are microscopic

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39
Q

rotifera have a _____skeleton

A

hydro

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40
Q

rotifera are _____________ (diverse)

A

bioindicators

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41
Q

rotifera are found in all _______ habitats

A

aqueous

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42
Q

T/F: rotifera are able to desiccate and disperse by wind

A

true - they can dry out and blow around the world in the wind, withstanding radiation and freezing

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43
Q

rotifera (are/aren’t) important in the food web

A

are

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44
Q

T/F: rotifera take bits of DNA from other organisms to use when reproducing

A

true

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45
Q

T/F: rotifera never get cancer because they can massively repair DNA

A

true

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46
Q

bacteria and algae are eaten by ___________, THEN the ___________ are eaten by everything else (especially young/larval animals)

A

zooplankton

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47
Q

zooplankton affect fish populations and ________ cycles

A

nutrient

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48
Q

T/F: zooplankton reflect environmental conditions

A

true - an abundance of zooplankton means that an ecosystem is healthy

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49
Q

there are (many/little) flatworm parasites

A

many

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50
Q

flatworms rely on ______ for development

A

snails

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51
Q

more algae = more snails = more possible ________ populations

A

flatworm

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52
Q

flatworms can regrow from a ______ cell (with memories intact)

A

single

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53
Q

mollusca is the (#) largest phylum and the most diverse

A

3rd

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54
Q

mollusca

A

snails/slugs (gastropods), bivalves, octopus/squid (cephalopods)

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55
Q

study of molluscs

A

malacology

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56
Q

molluscs have (#) germ layers

A

3

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57
Q

molluscs have a (complete/incomplete) digestive tract

A

complete

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58
Q

T/F: molluscs have a complete digestive tract and cephalization

A

true

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59
Q

molluscs have an ____ and ______ circulatory system

A

open, closed

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60
Q

T/F: molluscs have all types of skeletons

A

true

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61
Q

molluscs’ key trait is:

A

mantle - dorsal skin that secretes the shell

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62
Q

molluscs contain a ____, _______, and ______

A

foot, viscera, radula

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63
Q

used for locomotion and anchorage

A

foot

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64
Q

the _______ of a mollusc contains the digestive, nervous, excretory, reproductive, and respiratory systems

A

viscera

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65
Q

the ______ of a mollusc is used for scraping or cutting food before it enters the esophagus

A

radula

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66
Q

annelida

A

segmented worms

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67
Q

annelida have (#) germ layers

A

3

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68
Q

annelida have a (complete/incomplete) digestive system

A

complete

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69
Q

T/F: annelida have bilateral symmetry and cephalization

A

true

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70
Q

annelida have a (open/closed) circulatory system

A

closed

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71
Q

annelida have a _____skeleton

A

hydro

72
Q

key trait of annelida

A

segments with parapodia (setae)

73
Q

lateral outgrowths from a segmented worm’s body that help with crawling and swimming

A

parapodia

74
Q

help earthworms attach to surfaces (what makes it hard to pull an earthworm from the ground)

A

setae

75
Q

there are (#) sets of parapodia per segment

A

2

76
Q

annelida have ___________ and ____________

A

polychaetes and oligochaetes

77
Q

poly = many. Most “poly-“ are ______

A

marine

78
Q

oligo = few. Most “oligo-“ are ____

A

land

79
Q

chaet

A

bristle

80
Q

_______ contain earthworms which help recycle nutrients

A

forests

81
Q

earthworms release ______ and ________ into the environment faster

A

carbon, nitrogen

82
Q

snails provide _______ for eggshells, which can also be the host for flatworm parasites

A

calcium

83
Q

snails need ______ and _______ to grow (which makes them heavier)

A

energy, calcium

84
Q

slugs evolved the loss of their shell, ____-_____ have a vestigial shell

A

semi-slugs

85
Q

nematoda is the (#) largest phylym

A

2nd

86
Q

nematoda

A

roundworms

87
Q

nematodes (have/don’t have) a circulatory/respiratory system

A

don’t have - most nematodes are microscopic

88
Q

nematodes have a _____skeleton

A

hydro - high pressure + thick CUTICLE

89
Q

nematodes are found in _____

A

soils

90
Q

T/F: nematodes can be parasites for plants and animals; they also are a biological control of plant predators

A

true

91
Q

_. _______ (type of nematode) provide information on genetics, development, and neuroscience

A

C. elegans

92
Q

nematode parasites are in nearly _____ species

A

every

93
Q

T/F: many nematode parasites transmit by insect or mollusc vectors

A

true

94
Q

nematodes travel to vertebrate _____, then the intestine

A

lungs

95
Q

arthropoda is the (#) largest phylum

A

1st

96
Q

arthropoda

A

insects, spiders, milli/centipedes, and crustaceans

97
Q

arthropoda have an (open/closed) circulatory system

A

open

98
Q

T/F: depending on the organism, arthropod have various respiration

A

true

99
Q

arthropods have a ___skeleton (chitin cuticle + calcium)

A

exo - offers protection but limits size

100
Q

arthropods key trait

A

extreme segmentation = extreme speciation

101
Q

tracheal tubes = passive gas exchange (which limits O2 diffusion and size)

A

insect respiration

102
Q

________ _____ develop from the ectoderm and they are analogous to vertebrate lungs

A

tracheal tubes

103
Q

steps to shedding a cuticle:

A
  1. remove minerals from old exoskeleton for use in the new exoskeleton
  2. thicken the new exoskeleton, which grows UNDER the old one
  3. pop the old exoskeleton and crawl out
  4. grow/expand before the new exoskeleton hardens
104
Q

transition to one life stage from another

A

metamorphosis

105
Q

different life stages eat different foods, which (increases/decreases) competition for resources

A

decreases

106
Q

evolved ~350 million years ago as a result of the development of wings and thoracic muscles ~25 million years earlier

A

insect flight

107
Q

top 5 insect orders:

A
  1. beetles (with elytra)
  2. ants/bees (waist)
  3. butterflies/moths (scaled)
  4. flies (with halteres)
  5. true bugs (x)
108
Q

parasitism is _________ successful (evolutionary)

A

extremely

109
Q

echinodermata

A

starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

110
Q

_____________ are the closest relative to chordates (deuterostomes)

A

echinodermata

111
Q

animal in which the anus develops 1st with the mouth forming later

A

deuterostome

112
Q

echinodermata have ______ symmetry in adults and _________ symmetry in larvae

A

radial, bilateral

113
Q

echinodermata have an ____skeleton

A

endo

114
Q

echinodermata key trtait

A

water vascular system

115
Q

system of hydraulic “vessels” for moving nutrients and waste, also helps with locomotion

A

water vascular system

116
Q

chordata - sea squirts/salps, lancelets

A

invertebrates

117
Q

chordata - cartilage or bone protects the spinal cord

A

vertebrates

118
Q

for muscle attachment, flexible structure in embryos (kinda like a pre-hardened spinal cord)

A

notochord

119
Q

fish evolved (#) million years ago

A

500

120
Q

chordata - fish include:

A
  • jawless fish (worm-like)
  • cartilaginous fish
  • ray-finned fish (common)
  • lobe-finned/lungfish (amphibious
121
Q

amphibians evolved (#) million years ago

A

400

122
Q

amphibians

A

toads, frogs, salamanders, and sirens

123
Q

amphibians have _________ respiration

A

cutaneous - through the skin

124
Q

T/F: amphibians reproduce in water (aquatic life stage)

A

true

125
Q

sauropsida evolved (#) million years ago

A

300

126
Q

sauropsida

A

izards, snakes, turtles

127
Q

alligators and birds did not evolve until ~(#) million years ago

A

150

128
Q

sauropsida have ________ eggs (egg with protective shell and membranes)

A

amniotic

129
Q

T/F: in sauropsida, water is NOT needed for reproduction

A

true

130
Q

sauropsida have (permeable/non-permeable) skin

A

non-permeable

131
Q

mammalia evolved (#) million years ago

A

200

132
Q

egg-laying mammals (i.e. platypus)

A

monotremes

133
Q

short internal development of young, born immature (i.e. kangaroo)

A

marsupials

134
Q

long internal development of young (i.e. humans)

A

placentals

135
Q

there are ~(#) species of fungi

A

1,500,00

136
Q

long filaments, strands of cells, “body of fungus”

A

hyphae

137
Q

branches of hyphae

A

mycelium

138
Q

reproductive structure of fungi

A

mushroom

139
Q

T/F: fungal cells have chitin cell walls

A

true

140
Q

fungal cells are (analogous/homologous)

A

analogous

141
Q

fungal cells have septa (with pores) which:

A

allow for the exchange of materials and organelles

142
Q

fungi have _____________ digestion

A

extracellular

143
Q

when organisms break down food outside of their cells, usually in a digestive cavity

A

extracellular digestion

144
Q

T/F: fungi can secrete digestive enzymes into their surroundings; they CAN break down cellulose and lignin

A

true

145
Q

T/F: fungi absorb digested organic molecules, to do this, the fungus has to have a higher surface area

A

true

146
Q

______ are used for dispersal in fungi

A

spores

147
Q

some ______ can swim, but most are dispersed by the wind, water, or animals

A

spores

148
Q

spores are used in ______ and _______ processes

A

sexual, asexual

149
Q

the 5 fungal phyla are:

A
  1. chytridiomycota
  2. zygomycota
  3. glomeromycota
  4. basidiomycota
  5. asocomycota
150
Q

the most ancestral phylum

A

chytridiomycota

151
Q

the most BASIC fungal phyla

A

chytridiomycota

152
Q

chytridiomycota contains _______, flagellated fungi (i.e. swimming spores)

A

aquatic

153
Q

T/F: chytridiomycota cause(s) amphibian die offs

A

true

154
Q

zygomycota (is/isn’t) a clade (i.e. bread mold)

A

isn’t

155
Q

glomeromycota live ________ with land plants

A

mutually (mutualism)

156
Q

_____________ includes water, minerals, and communication

A

glomeromycota

157
Q

mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi, etc.

A

basidiomycetes

158
Q

basidiomycetes contain many plant _________, as well as rusts and smuts

A

pathogens

159
Q

most common fungal phyla

A

ascomycota

160
Q

~75% of known fungi are ___________ (i.e. yeast, truffles, morels)

A

ascomycetes

161
Q

ascomycota include _______ plant pathogens

A

SERIOUS

162
Q

type of ascomycota that is important in the natural environment, in food spoilage, and in food and drug protection

A

penicillium

163
Q

_____ is an example of single-celled ascomycetes

A

yeast

164
Q

yeasts reproduce (sexually/asexually)

A

asexually

165
Q

yeasts _______ carbohydrates to get energy (i.e. beer, bread, wine)

A

fermentation

166
Q

sugar –> energy + CO2 + ETHANOL

A

fermentation

167
Q

_______ are mutualistic with fungi and algae

A

lichens

168
Q

___________ are mutualistic with plants and plant diseases/pathogens

A

mycorrhizae

169
Q

_________ have fungi in their gut which help digest cellulose

A

ruminants

170
Q

____-______ ____ have domesticated fungi for agriculture; artificial selection

A

leaf-cutter ants

171
Q

____ ____ have decomposers (fungal interactions)

A

food webs

172
Q

amoebas move using a _________ (“false foot”)

A

pseudopod

173
Q

amoebas have (intracellular/extracellular) digestion

A

intracellular

174
Q

example of amoebic dysentery

A

brain eating amoebas

175
Q

some _____ _____ spend most of their life as amoebae in soils

A

slime molds

176
Q

in (poor/good) conditions, amoebae join with relatives to make spore-producing masses to dispers

A

poor

Biology 181 (Fall '24) (5 decks)

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