PHYLUMS Flashcards
Unit 3
1
Q
porifera
A
sponges
2
Q
inner cells of sponges
A
choanocytes
3
Q
outer cells of sponges
A
pinacocytes
4
Q
choanocytes are responsible for:
A
- feeding
- massive water intake
- filtering bacterial food
5
Q
sponge’s middle cells are found in the ____
A
“goop”
6
Q
sponges (have/don’t have) circulation
A
DON’T - due to water flow and surface area
7
Q
sponges have ________ for internal and structural support
A
spicules
8
Q
sponges defend themselves with ________ and _________
A
spicules and chemicals (these chemicals are sometimes sources for pharmaceuticals)
9
Q
sponges (have/don’t have) germ layers
A
don’t
10
Q
sponges have (symmetry/asymmetry)
A
asymmetry
11
Q
T/F: sponges have cephalization
A
false
12
Q
T/F: sponges have pores
A
true
13
Q
cnidaria
A
jellyfish, hydra, coral, sea anemones
14
Q
cnidaria have (#) germ layers with “jelly” in between
A
2
15
Q
cnidaria have an (incomplete/complete) digestive system
A
incomplete
16
Q
T/F: cnidaria have no specialized system for respiration or circulation, instead they have a gastrovascular cavity
A
true
17
Q
cnidaria have (radial/bilateral) symmetry
A
radial
18
Q
key trait of cnidaria: __________; responsible for feeding and defense
A
cnidocytes - deliver the sting of a jellyfish
19
Q
cnidaria have an ___skeleton
A
exo
20
Q
colonies with exoskeleton symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae)
A
corals
21
Q
single-celled algae that use CO2 and waste materials of the host to supply O2 and food substances in return
A
zooxanthellae
22
Q
coral reefs and sponges are important because they provide MASSIVE ____________, can help produce pharmaceuticals, protect coastlines, and provide jobs/resources
A
biodiversity
23
Q
location with high amounts of nutrients and resources (high growth rate of populations, individuals leave)
A
sponges “source”
24
Q
location where nutrients and resources are used up (high death rate)
A
sponges “sink”
25
threats to coral reefs
- coral bleaching (warmer oceans)
- ocean acidification (high CO2 levels)
- rising sea levels (less light reaching the bottom)
- eutrophication (fertilizer and sewage)
- sediment
- pollutants (chemicals/sunscreens)
- destructive fishing/mining
- tourism (touching/taking coral)
- disease
26
managed coral areas act as a _(source/sink)_ for nearby damaged areas
source: hand-raising and spawning coral for restoration
27
it takes _(#)_ million years for a fully mature reef to form
10
28
the ultimate cause of coral reef destruction is the lack of _______ for nature and other life forms
respect
29
platyhelminthes
flatworms, tapeworms, liver fluke
30
platyhelminthes have _(#)_ germ layers
3
31
platyhelminthes have _(radial/bilateral)_ symmetry
bilateral
32
T/F: platyhelminthes have cephalization
true
33
platyhelminthes have a _____skeleton
hydro
34
T/F: in platyhelminthes, there is various digestion and NO transport (surface area)
true
35
rotifera have a _(complete/incomplete)_ digestive tract
complete
36
rotifera have _(bilateral/radial)_ symmetry
bilateral
37
T/F: rotifera do not have cephalization
false. Rotifera do have cephalization
38
rotifera _(do/don't)_ have respiration or transport
don't - because they are microscopic
39
rotifera have a _____skeleton
hydro
40
rotifera are _____________ (diverse)
bioindicators
41
rotifera are found in all _______ habitats
aqueous
42
T/F: rotifera are able to desiccate and disperse by wind
true - they can dry out and blow around the world in the wind, withstanding radiation and freezing
43
rotifera _(are/aren't)_ important in the food web
are
44
T/F: rotifera take bits of DNA from other organisms to use when reproducing
true
45
T/F: rotifera never get cancer because they can massively repair DNA
true
46
bacteria and algae are eaten by ___________, THEN the ___________ are eaten by everything else (especially young/larval animals)
zooplankton
47
zooplankton affect fish populations and ________ cycles
nutrient
48
T/F: zooplankton reflect environmental conditions
true - an abundance of zooplankton means that an ecosystem is healthy
49
there are _(many/little)_ flatworm parasites
many
50
flatworms rely on ______ for development
snails
51
more algae = more snails = more possible ________ populations
flatworm
52
flatworms can regrow from a ______ cell (with memories intact)
single
53
mollusca is the _(#)_ largest phylum and the most diverse
3rd
54
mollusca
snails/slugs (gastropods), bivalves, octopus/squid (cephalopods)
55
study of molluscs
malacology
56
molluscs have _(#)_ germ layers
3
57
molluscs have a _(complete/incomplete)_ digestive tract
complete
58
T/F: molluscs have a complete digestive tract and cephalization
true
59
molluscs have an ____ and ______ circulatory system
open, closed
60
T/F: molluscs have all types of skeletons
true
61
molluscs' key trait is:
mantle - dorsal skin that secretes the shell
62
molluscs contain a ____, _______, and ______
foot, viscera, radula
63
used for locomotion and anchorage
foot
64
the _______ of a mollusc contains the digestive, nervous, excretory, reproductive, and respiratory systems
viscera
65
the ______ of a mollusc is used for scraping or cutting food before it enters the esophagus
radula
66
annelida
segmented worms
67
annelida have _(#)_ germ layers
3
68
annelida have a _(complete/incomplete)_ digestive system
complete
69
T/F: annelida have bilateral symmetry and cephalization
true
70
annelida have a _(open/closed)_ circulatory system
closed
71
annelida have a _____skeleton
hydro
72
key trait of annelida
segments with parapodia (setae)
73
lateral outgrowths from a segmented worm's body that help with crawling and swimming
parapodia
74
help earthworms attach to surfaces (what makes it hard to pull an earthworm from the ground)
setae
75
there are _(#)_ sets of parapodia per segment
2
76
annelida have ___________ and ____________
polychaetes and oligochaetes
77
poly = many. Most "poly-" are ______
marine
78
oligo = few. Most "oligo-" are ____
land
79
chaet
bristle
80
_______ contain earthworms which help recycle nutrients
forests
81
earthworms release ______ and ________ into the environment faster
carbon, nitrogen
82
snails provide _______ for eggshells, which can also be the host for flatworm parasites
calcium
83
snails need ______ and _______ to grow (which makes them heavier)
energy, calcium
84
slugs evolved the loss of their shell, ____-_____ have a vestigial shell
semi-slugs
85
nematoda is the _(#)_ largest phylym
2nd
86
nematoda
roundworms
87
nematodes _(have/don't have)_ a circulatory/respiratory system
don't have - most nematodes are microscopic
88
nematodes have a _____skeleton
hydro - high pressure + thick CUTICLE
89
nematodes are found in _____
soils
90
T/F: nematodes can be parasites for plants and animals; they also are a biological control of plant predators
true
91
_. _______ (type of nematode) provide information on genetics, development, and neuroscience
C. elegans
92
nematode parasites are in nearly _____ species
every
93
T/F: many nematode parasites transmit by insect or mollusc vectors
true
94
nematodes travel to vertebrate _____, then the intestine
lungs
95
arthropoda is the _(#)_ largest phylum
1st
96
arthropoda
insects, spiders, milli/centipedes, and crustaceans
97
arthropoda have an _(open/closed)_ circulatory system
open
98
T/F: depending on the organism, arthropod have various respiration
true
99
arthropods have a ___skeleton (chitin cuticle + calcium)
exo - offers protection but limits size
100
arthropods key trait
extreme segmentation = extreme speciation
101
tracheal tubes = passive gas exchange (which limits O2 diffusion and size)
insect respiration
102
________ _____ develop from the ectoderm and they are analogous to vertebrate lungs
tracheal tubes
103
steps to shedding a cuticle:
1. remove minerals from old exoskeleton for use in the new exoskeleton
2. thicken the new exoskeleton, which grows UNDER the old one
3. pop the old exoskeleton and crawl out
4. grow/expand before the new exoskeleton hardens
104
transition to one life stage from another
metamorphosis
105
different life stages eat different foods, which _(increases/decreases)_ competition for resources
decreases
106
evolved ~350 million years ago as a result of the development of wings and thoracic muscles ~25 million years earlier
insect flight
107
top 5 insect orders:
1. beetles (with elytra)
2. ants/bees (waist)
3. butterflies/moths (scaled)
4. flies (with halteres)
5. true bugs (x)
108
parasitism is _________ successful (evolutionary)
extremely
109
echinodermata
starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers
110
_____________ are the closest relative to chordates (deuterostomes)
echinodermata
111
animal in which the anus develops 1st with the mouth forming later
deuterostome
112
echinodermata have ______ symmetry in adults and _________ symmetry in larvae
radial, bilateral
113
echinodermata have an ____skeleton
endo
114
echinodermata key trtait
water vascular system
115
system of hydraulic "vessels" for moving nutrients and waste, also helps with locomotion
water vascular system
116
chordata - sea squirts/salps, lancelets
invertebrates
117
chordata - cartilage or bone protects the spinal cord
vertebrates
118
for muscle attachment, flexible structure in embryos (kinda like a pre-hardened spinal cord)
notochord
119
fish evolved _(#)_ million years ago
500
120
chordata - fish include:
- jawless fish (worm-like)
- cartilaginous fish
- ray-finned fish (common)
- lobe-finned/lungfish (amphibious
121
amphibians evolved _(#)_ million years ago
400
122
amphibians
toads, frogs, salamanders, and sirens
123
amphibians have _________ respiration
cutaneous - through the skin
124
T/F: amphibians reproduce in water (aquatic life stage)
true
125
sauropsida evolved _(#)_ million years ago
300
126
sauropsida
izards, snakes, turtles
127
alligators and birds did not evolve until ~_(#)_ million years ago
150
128
sauropsida have ________ eggs (egg with protective shell and membranes)
amniotic
129
T/F: in sauropsida, water is NOT needed for reproduction
true
130
sauropsida have _(permeable/non-permeable)_ skin
non-permeable
131
mammalia evolved _(#)_ million years ago
200
132
egg-laying mammals (i.e. platypus)
monotremes
133
short internal development of young, born immature (i.e. kangaroo)
marsupials
134
long internal development of young (i.e. humans)
placentals
135
there are ~_(#)_ species of fungi
1,500,00
136
long filaments, strands of cells, "body of fungus"
hyphae
137
branches of hyphae
mycelium
138
reproductive structure of fungi
mushroom
139
T/F: fungal cells have chitin cell walls
true
140
fungal cells are _(analogous/homologous)_
analogous
141
fungal cells have septa (with pores) which:
allow for the exchange of materials and organelles
142
fungi have _____________ digestion
extracellular
143
when organisms break down food outside of their cells, usually in a digestive cavity
extracellular digestion
144
T/F: fungi can secrete digestive enzymes into their surroundings; they CAN break down cellulose and lignin
true
145
T/F: fungi absorb digested organic molecules, to do this, the fungus has to have a higher surface area
true
146
______ are used for dispersal in fungi
spores
147
some ______ can swim, but most are dispersed by the wind, water, or animals
spores
148
spores are used in ______ and _______ processes
sexual, asexual
149
the 5 fungal phyla are:
1. chytridiomycota
2. zygomycota
3. glomeromycota
4. basidiomycota
5. asocomycota
150
the most ancestral phylum
chytridiomycota
151
the most BASIC fungal phyla
chytridiomycota
152
chytridiomycota contains _______, flagellated fungi (i.e. swimming spores)
aquatic
153
T/F: chytridiomycota cause(s) amphibian die offs
true
154
zygomycota _(is/isn't)_ a clade (i.e. bread mold)
isn't
155
glomeromycota live ________ with land plants
mutually (mutualism)
156
_____________ includes water, minerals, and communication
glomeromycota
157
mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi, etc.
basidiomycetes
158
basidiomycetes contain many plant _________, as well as rusts and smuts
pathogens
159
most common fungal phyla
ascomycota
160
~75% of known fungi are ___________ (i.e. yeast, truffles, morels)
ascomycetes
161
ascomycota include _______ plant pathogens
SERIOUS
162
type of ascomycota that is important in the natural environment, in food spoilage, and in food and drug protection
penicillium
163
_____ is an example of single-celled ascomycetes
yeast
164
yeasts reproduce _(sexually/asexually)_
asexually
165
yeasts _______ carbohydrates to get energy (i.e. beer, bread, wine)
fermentation
166
sugar --> energy + CO2 + ETHANOL
fermentation
167
_______ are mutualistic with fungi and algae
lichens
168
___________ are mutualistic with plants and plant diseases/pathogens
mycorrhizae
169
_________ have fungi in their gut which help digest cellulose
ruminants
170
____-______ ____ have domesticated fungi for agriculture; artificial selection
leaf-cutter ants
171
____ ____ have decomposers (fungal interactions)
food webs
172
amoebas move using a _________ ("false foot")
pseudopod
173
amoebas have _(intracellular/extracellular)_ digestion
intracellular
174
example of amoebic dysentery
brain eating amoebas
175
some _____ _____ spend most of their life as amoebae in soils
slime molds
176
in _(poor/good)_ conditions, amoebae join with relatives to make spore-producing masses to dispers
poor
