- heterotrophs, autotrophs - plants - animals - fungi

- eukaryotic - heterotrophic - have a posterior flagellum (movement) - have chitin (helps form exoskeleton, cell protection)

Unit 3 Topics Flashcards by Ashlyn McKenna

domains are divided by basic cell ________________________________

structure

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the 3 domains are:

bacteria, archaea (both prokaryotes), and eukaryota (eukaryotes)

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contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

eukaryotes

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no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

prokaryotes

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eukaryotes are _______ by the amount of food they possess/acquire

divided

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eukaryotes include:

heterotrophs, autotrophs
plants
animals
fungi

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get food from other sources

heterotrophs

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make their own food

autotrophs

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a fungal infection is the (easiest/hardest) to fight because fungal cells are very similar to human cells

hardest

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opisthokonta are:

eukaryotic
heterotrophic
have a posterior flagellum (movement)
have chitin (helps form exoskeleton, cell protection)

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animal phyla are based on major traits such as:

early embryonic development (gastrulation and germ layers)
body complexity - i.e. digestive structures
cephalization/symmetry (movement, senses)

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changes the embryo from it initially being a blastula with a SINGLE layer of cells, to a gastrula containing MULTIPLE layers of cells

gastrulation

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complete gut = _________ symmetry

bilateral

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when the head/brain forms

cephalization

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outermost layer, forms the skin, nervous system, and sense organs

ECTOderm

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middle layer, forms muscles, bones, the circulatory system, and other internal structures

MESOderm

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innermost layer, forms the digestive system, lungs, and other internal organs

ENDOderm

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flexible, fluid-filled cavity (ancestral - found in all, circulation, “low-cost,” and easy to repair)

hydroskeleton

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hard structure OUTSIDE epidermis (heavy, good protection)

exoskeleton

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hard structure UNDER epidermis

endoskeleton

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digestion (is/isn’t) required for heterotrophs

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a function of digestion is to take IN ______ (calories) to run metabolic processes

energy

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a function of digestion is to take IN ______ to build molecules/structures

resources

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a function of digestion is to take IN ______ that they cannot build on their own

nutrients

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digestive system that is intracellular, OR absorption of pre-digested nutrients

no digestive system

digestive system that has a cavity with 1 opening (no specialized regions)

incomplete digestive system

digestive system that has a tube with 2 openings (mouth/anus), allows speciation

complete digestive system

a complete digestive system takes the _(least/most)_ energy to run

most

steps to digestion:

1. digestion (break down food physically and chemically) 2. absorption and elimination (anything NOT absorbed is eliminated) 3. distribute materials (nutrients to all cells, circulation)

5 parts of the digestive system:

1. mouth/teeth 2. pharynx/esophagus 3. stomach 4. small intestine (+ pancreas, liver, gallbladder) 5. large intestine

teeth break apart all foods to increase surface area

physical digestion (fragmentation) in the mouth

salivary gland secretes AMYLASE (enzyme) to DIGEST CARBOHYDRATES

chemical digestion in the mouth

common passageway between oral/nasal cavities and the trachea/esophagus

pharynx

covers trachea, prevents food from entering the lungs

epiglottis

passageway from pharynx to stomach (food moves by PERISTALSIS)

esophagus

muscular contractions and acid breaks down all food

physical digestion in the stomach

secretes PEPSIN (enzyme), digests proteins

chemical digestion in the stomach

the small intestine is _(#)_ft long

absorb nutrients into bloodstream for circulation

small intestine function

line the small intestine; increase surface area for absorption

villi

food doesn't move through these, they're outside the "tube," but help with digestion

accessory organs

produces bile

liver

stores and secretes bile

gallbladder

BICARBONATE neutralizes acid; LIPASE (enzyme) digests lipids

pancreas

all products are secreted via common duct at the _(start/end)_ of the small intestine

start

breaks fat into small pieces, increases surface area so lipase can access fat

bile

breaks fats/lipids into fatty acids

lipase

the large intestine is _(#)_ ft long

T/F: the length of the large intestine depends on how much water animals are around

true

responsible for absorbing water, bacterial symbiosis (breaking down nutrients, synthesizing vitamins), and egestion/excrete

large intesting

proteins that speed up chemical reactions; are NOT completely used up in reactions

enzymes

T/F: proteins can denature (they require specific environmental conditions)

true

herbivores have _(shorter/longer)_ digestive tracts due to difficult-to-digest cellulose

longer

ruminant (i.e. deer, cow, sheep) have:

- 4-chambered stomach with SYMBIOTIC MICROBES - contents are regurgitated and rechewed - evolved once - microbed release methane

rodents are the _(least/most)_ numerous group of mammals

most

rodents have _____, which digests cellulose because regurgitation is not possible

cecum

when animals eat feces to absorb nutrients on the second passage of food

coprophagy

essential nutrients _(can/cannot)_ be manufactured in the body, they must be eaten

cannot

lack of an essential nutrient

malnutrition

cellular respiration reaction

O2 + food/sugar --> CO2

unicellular organisms are fine with cellular respiration, multicellular organisms _(are/aren't)_

aren't. O2/CO2 only diffuses ~1mm

photosynthesis reaction

CO2 + H2O --> O2 + sugar

every cell needs _________ (digestive system) and ______ (respiration system)

nutrients, oxygen

every cell needs to get rid of _____ (urinary system - excrements, respiratory system - CO2)

waste

circulation transports materials to and from each cell. it is necessary in _(thick/thin)_, _(multicellular/unicellular)_ organisms because of their low surface area

thick, multicellular

diffusion is always _(passive/active)_

passive (down the concentration gradient)

T/F: oxygen levels in the body are ALWAYS lower than air levels

true

in very small animals, or those with high surface area

cutaneous gas exchange (through the skin)

respiration via digestive cavity

gastrovascular cavity

- found in insects - holes that lead to ________ _____ throughout the body

tracheal tubes

- vertebrates - outpouchings of gut - in mammals --> alveoli

lungs

- countercurrent exchange - MOST effective respiratory structure

gills

- air sacs with unidirectional air flow - _____ do not have alveoli, but they have "air tubules" - blood flow runs 90° to air flow (crosscurrent exchange)

bird respiration

organisms with no circulatory system are usually very _(small/large)_ with a large surface area. NO heart or vessels

small

organisms with an open circulatory system are usually _(small/large)_ - less than 3 in., the heart pumps fluid around a cavity, NO connected vessels

small

a closed circulatory system allows the organism to be _(smaller/larger)_ (blood pressure). The heart pumps fluid through a closed-system of vessels

larger

2-chambered heart, low gravity --> low BP

fish

3-chambered heart, skin-inefficiency works fine

amphibians

4-chambered heart, NO mixing of O2-rich and O2 poor blood, efficient for ENDOTHERMY

mammals

maintaining body temperature

endothermy

AWAY from heart, thick walls, high pressure

arteries

TOWARDS the heart, VALVES, low pressure

veins

capillary walls are _(#)_ cell thick

the heart pumps, arteries/veins transport, ___________ pickup/deliver

capillaries

process of blood flow

heart --> artery --> CAPILLARIES AT BODY CELLS --> vein --> heart --> artery --> capillaries at lung alveoli --> aorta --> body

Red blood cells (RBCs) carry __ and ___

O2, CO2

white blood cells (WBCs) are crucial to the ______ system

immune

blood includes:

platelets, plasma, water, hormones

____ ______ produces stem cells which then produce platelets, RBCs, and WBCs

Unit 3 Topics Flashcards

Up until phylums are introduced