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Biology 181 (Fall '24) > Unit 2 Topics > Flashcards

Unit 2 Topics Flashcards

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1
Q

variation + selection (change over time)

A

evolution

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2
Q

you only need (#) generation for change to occur

A

1

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3
Q

variation is due to…

A

mutations, gene recombination, and gene transfer

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4
Q

traits pass down to offspring

A

heritability

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5
Q

mutations are (random/not random)

A

random

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6
Q

mutations (increase/decrease) diversity

A

increase

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7
Q

more offspring are produced than can survive

A

over-reproduction

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8
Q

traits are selected through…

A
  • environment (natural selection)
  • mates (sexual selection)
  • humans (artificial selection)
  • random events (genetic drift)
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9
Q

selective pressures (increase/decrease) diversity

A

decrease

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10
Q

only (available/not available) traits can be selected; the organism doesn’t make the traits they need

A

available

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11
Q

change in traits over time WITHIN a species

A

MICROevolution

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12
Q

change in traits over time ABOVE the species level

A

MACROevolution

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13
Q

evolution is (linear/exponential)

A

exponential

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14
Q

T/F: no organism is perfectly adapted to their environment

A

true

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15
Q

sugar backbone

A

deoxyribose

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16
Q

bases

A

nucleic acids

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17
Q

A pairs with (T,C,G)

A

T

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18
Q

C pairs with (A,T,G,)

A

G

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19
Q

DNA is a…

A

molecule

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20
Q

different DNA sequences =

A

different proteins

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21
Q

different (DNA) proteins =

A

different form and function

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22
Q

DNA codes for ________ –> ________ make and run you

A

proteins

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23
Q

each codon (set of 3 bases) = specific _____ ____

A

amino acid

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24
Q

there are (#) amino acids in a protein

A

20

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25
Q

used at different times in development, or due to environmental/physiological triggers, alone or with other proteins in different combinations

A

proteins

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26
Q

segment of DNA that codes for a protein

A

gene

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27
Q

(#) gene = (#) protein

A

1

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28
Q

different combinations of nucleotides within a gene segment

A

allele

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29
Q

1 whole strand of DNA that is tightly coiled

A

chromosome

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30
Q

1 chromosome from mom + 1 chromosome from dad = 2N are called…

A

homologous chromosomes

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31
Q

(half/whole) genome is replicated for mitosis (or meiosis)

A

whole

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32
Q

gene (DNA) is copied in the nucleus, creating RNA, which is then transported to the ribosome

A

transcription

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33
Q

the RNA enters the ribosome which then reads, copies, and builds a protein

A

translation

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34
Q

gene expression is (identical/different) is all life

A

identical

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35
Q

genomes (vary/don’t vary) in order and number of nucleotides (genetic diversity)

A

vary

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36
Q

change in DNA sequence, can be from EXTERNAL influences (i.e. chemo) or INTERNAL influences (i.e. replication errors)

A

mutation

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37
Q

T/F: mutations can occur in the “spare” without hurting the organism

A

true

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38
Q

mutation that exchanges 1 base

A

substitution mutation

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39
Q

mutation that removes or adds 1+ base, frame shift

A

deletion/insertion mutation

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40
Q

exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis (production of gametes)

A

sexual recombination

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41
Q

results in 4 gametes with a DIFFERENT collection of genes in a genome

A

meiosis

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42
Q

genes (shuffle/don’t shuffle) during gametogenesis/meiosis

A

shuffle

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43
Q

T/F: genes combine during fertilization

A

true

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44
Q

meiosis is (random/not random); equal chance to give each allele

A

random

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45
Q

fertilization is (random/not random); equal chance for each possible combination

A

random

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46
Q

T/F: whatever genotype you have codes for an expression, which then results in a phyical trait

A

true

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47
Q

diversity in genes = diversity in traits =

A

diversity in population ecology

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48
Q

movement of genes among populations, spreads mutations AMONG and WITHIN a species

A

gene flow

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49
Q

changes in DNA (mutations), result in changes in proteins, result in changes in the organism =

A

creates diversity

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50
Q

inherit DNA (change build up over time), result in change in proteins (which also build up over time), result in =

A

build up in diversity = INCREASE in range/niches = MORE POPULATIONS

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51
Q

T/F: when there are more populations, there is a lower chance of divergence (new species)

A

false. there is a higher chance of divergence

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52
Q

duplicated genes that can be “broken” or disabled

A

pseudogenes

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53
Q

you can use a pseudogene as a “molecular clock” to…

A

estimate constraints and mutation rates

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54
Q

T/F: pseudogenes still receive selective pressures

A

true

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55
Q

T/F: pseudogenes harm the organism

A

false. pseudogenes do not benefit or harm the organism

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56
Q

with pseudogenes, no proteins are produced which means there (is/isn’t) a trait (no function)

A

isn’t

57
Q

T/F: pseudogenes are still copied and inherited (builds up mutations)

A

true

58
Q

successful traits “make it” due to survival and energy use (are they beneficial? yes - kept, no - rid of)

A

natural selection

59
Q

natural selection (is/isn’t) predictable

A

is

60
Q

T/F: natural selection = evolution

A

false. natural selection ≠ evolution

61
Q

natural selection does not act on individual alleles, but rather the (whole/half) organism

A

whole

62
Q

the 3 steps to natural selection are…

A
  1. limited resources available + over-reproduction = STRUGGLE for survival
  2. variation of traits means some traits survive better than others
  3. traits are inherited, over time the successful traits become more prevalent
63
Q

successful traits “make it” due to what is desired to another species (i.e. someone wants their son to have brown eyes, so they choose the brown eye gene to be implemented)

A

artificial selection

64
Q

T/F: artificial selection acts on FEW traits during growth and reproduction

A

true

65
Q

T/F: artificial selection decreases survival via natural selection (the artificial trait may not survive what nature “chooses”)

A

true

66
Q

successful traits “make it” due to what is attractive to the mate

A

sexual selection

67
Q

T/F: sexual selection does not act on sexual characteristics during courtship

A

false. it does act on sexual characteristics

68
Q

sexual selection (increases/decreases) survival via natural selection

A

decreases

69
Q

T/F: artificial and sexual selection are like choices. you may pick what you like and what you want, but if nature doesn’t like it, natural selection overrules

A

true

70
Q

RANDOM selection, especially in smaller populations (2 types)

A

genetic drift

71
Q

catastrophe decreases a population (big population –> small population); surviving traits are due to luck

A

bottleneck effect

72
Q

a new population forms with few individuals (i.e. a group of birds settle on a deserted island, their traits “founded” the island because they were the first ones there); surviving traits are due to luck/chance

A

founder effect

73
Q

1 EXTREME phenotype is favored over both the other extreme and moderate phenotypes. A population’s genetic variance shifts toward a new phenotype when exposed to environmental changes. (POSITIVE change = POSITIVE direction) - i.e. peppered moth.

A

directional selection

74
Q

increases genetic variance when natural selection selects for 2 or more extreme phenotypes that each have specific advantages - i.e. large lobsters obtain mates by brute force, small lobsters can sneakily obtain a mate in the alpha males territory

A

diversifying selection

75
Q

average phenotypes are selected over phenotypes at the extremes - i.e. in a population of plants, those that are short may not get enough sunlight, but those that are tall and can get sunlight may be subjected to wind damage

A

stabilizing selection

76
Q

the fittest are the best “fit” in the environment (extra energy for reproduction). The best “fit” will CHANGE with different environments

A

survival of the fittest

77
Q

surviving trait (NOT purposeful traits for an environment)

A

adaptations

78
Q

how new species form, gene flow STOPS (genetic isolation)

A

speciation

79
Q

separated by a barrier, geographic isolation - i.e. bird on 1 island has a long beak to crack open coconuts, bird on island 2 has small beak to crack small nuts, geographic isolation is the water between islands

A

allopatric speciation

80
Q

separated while sharing the same range - i.e. the apple maggot fly initially laid eggs on hawthorn fruit, but some flies adapted to lay eggs on apples, leading to divergence

A

sympatric speciation

81
Q

separated due to distance in a large range - i.e. in an area contaminated by mines, some species of grass become tolerant to heavy metals, while others that don’t live around the mines are not tolerant. Because the plants are close together, they could fertilize each other and result in a new species (they’re able to reproduce, but because of different areas, they’re adjusted to different things/environments)

A

parapatric speciation

82
Q

a group of organisms with ONE ancestor and ALL descendants of that ancestor

A

clade

83
Q

there (is/isn’t) an end to evolution; if the environment changes, different traits will become successful

A

isn’t

84
Q

major environmental (geologic) changes =

A

major biological (evolutionary) changes

85
Q
  • first life on earth = prokaryotes
  • fossilized prokaryotes (stromatolites)
  • first land masses
A

4 billion years ago

86
Q

early photosynthesis = first O2 in atmos.

A

3 billion years ago

87
Q

oxygen catastrophe (photosynthesizing bacterium appeared and released so much O2 into the atmosphere that anaerobic life was largely wiped out)

A

2.5 billion years ago

88
Q

earliest multicellular organism (proto-plants, animals, and fungi)

A

1 billion years ago

89
Q
  • cambrian explosion (suddenly there was all this life on earth)
  • colonization of land by plants and mosses
A

500 million years ago

90
Q

arthropods came (#) _______ years ago

A

450 million years ago

91
Q
  • colonization of land by vertebrates (i.e. birds)
  • ferns evolve
  • 1st tetrapod (vertebrate with 4 limbs and distinct digits): TIKTAALIK
A

400 million years ago

92
Q

first reptiles and conifers (pinecone trees)

A

300 million years ago

93
Q
  • permian extinction “GREAT DYING” (extinction creates open niches)
  • early dinosaurs
A

250 million years ago

94
Q
  • cretaceous extinction event (dinosaurs die, birds survive)
  • birds and mammals expand into open niches
A

65 million years ago

95
Q

pioneers of evolution

A

geologists

96
Q

geologists noticed:

A
  • different layers of earth had different fossils
  • same species were found in the same layers of earth, but in different locations
  • fossils that were buried deeper were similar and less recognizable
  • some species were no longer found (extinct)
97
Q

the study of geology “boomed” with coal mines and the industrial revolution ~(year)

A

1750

98
Q

most life forms _________ after death

A

decompose

99
Q

for fossilization to occur, and environment must:

A
  • prevent decomposition
  • have NO bacteria and NO O2
  • be dry and salty, have cold temps.
100
Q

process of fossilization:

A
  1. animal/organism dies in/by the water
  2. dead animal is covered by silt
  3. if undisturbed, the animal is buried under several layers of silt (or by a collapsed dune, mudslide, ice, snow, etc.)
101
Q

things that are most likely to fossilize:

A
  • hard structures
  • numerous organisms (large group) –> higher chance one will fossilize
  • aquatic environments with fine mud deposits
  • areas with low decomposition rates
  • areas with NO erosion
102
Q

how fossils are found:

A
  • erosion uncovers fossils
  • once exposed, must be excavated quickly (large fossils are easier to be found)
103
Q

what can be learned from a fossil:

A
  • an animal’s/organism’s shape and movement (form and function)
  • an animal/s’/organism’s color and texture
  • behavior (food, fighting, care of young, etc.)
  • species interactions
  • community structure
104
Q

we can date fossils radiometrically (i.e. carbon –> nitrogen, uranium –> lead, etc.) or by analyzing ____ ______

A

rock layers

105
Q

distribution of species over space and time (plate tectonics/continental drift)

A

biogeography

106
Q

organisms that are (least/most) similar to each other will be closer to one another

A

most

107
Q

organisms that are (least/most) similar to each other will be further from one another

A

least

108
Q

when separated by natural barriers, species _______

A

diverge

109
Q

NEAR island = (increase/decrease) in immigration

A

increase

110
Q

LARGE islands = (increase/decrease) in immigration

A

increase

111
Q

SAME latitudes = (increase/decrease) in immigration

A

increase

112
Q

evolutionary developmental biology. Uses development of structures (embryology) to determine evolutionary origins

A

evo-devo

113
Q

homologous traits, same ancestral trait + different environment = traits develop different function/appearance. START together, END separate

A

divergent

114
Q

analogous traits, different ancestral trait + similar environment = trait develops similar function/appearance. START separate, END together

A

convergent

115
Q

organs or parts of human, plant, and animal bodies that do not have any clear function and are considered to be residual parts from their respective ancestors (i.e. tails in humans)

A

vestigial organs

116
Q

primate groups:

A
  • prosimians: lemurs
  • new world monkeys: in Americas
  • old world monkeys: in Africa and Asia
  • apes: chimps, gorillas, orangutans, and humans
117
Q

humans (did/didn’t) descend from monkeys. Monkeys are on different branches. We share a common primate ancestor

A

Didn’t

118
Q

great ape (including human ancestors), family to which humans belong to

A

hominIDS

119
Q

human ancestors, tribe level of humans

A

hominINS

120
Q

survival of small mammals through the cretaceous extinction

A

65 million years ago

121
Q

1 population of insectivores –> primate

A

50 million years ago

122
Q

1 population of primates –> hominIDS (ape group)

A

14 million years ago

123
Q

1 population of hominIDS –> hominINS (human group)

A

5 million years ago

124
Q

1 population of hominINS –> homo sapiens

A

200 thousand years ago

125
Q

ARDIpithecus ramidus “Ardi”

A

Ethiopia, 5 million years ago

126
Q

Australopithecus afarensis “Lucy”

A
  • Ethiopia, 4 million years ago
  • oldest fossil found that had walking feet and hips
127
Q

Homo habilis “handy-man”

A
  • 2 million years ago
  • simple tool use
128
Q

Homo erectus

A
  • Africa, Asia, Europe, 1 million years ago
  • advanced tools and fire (culture and communication)
  • 1st to leave Africa
129
Q

Homo neanderthalensis “neanderthal”

A
  • 500,000 years ago
  • definite culture (and possibly religion)
  • overlaps with homo sapiens
130
Q

Homo floresiensis “the Hobbit”

A
  • 50,000 years ago
  • island habitat (small body, stunted growth)
  • overlap with homo sapiens
131
Q

Humans (are/aren’t) continuing to evolve

A

are

132
Q

certain genes stay in populations because it increases survival

A

variation

133
Q

different environments: different toxins, stress, climate change

A

selection

134
Q

evolution is a _______; all life and every generation CHANGES allele frequencies and ADDS mutations

A

process

135
Q

non-life –> life

A

abiogenesis

136
Q

chemical building blocks

A

C, H, O, N

137
Q

XNA

A
  • uracil in space; uracil + sun = CYTOSINE
  • can self-replicate
  • no O2 mutagen
138
Q

LIFE IS __________

A

INEVITABLE

Biology 181 (Fall '24) (5 decks)

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