Unit 2 Topics Flashcards
1
Q
variation + selection (change over time)
A
evolution
2
Q
you only need (#) generation for change to occur
A
1
3
Q
variation is due to…
A
mutations, gene recombination, and gene transfer
4
Q
traits pass down to offspring
A
heritability
5
Q
mutations are (random/not random)
A
random
6
Q
mutations (increase/decrease) diversity
A
increase
7
Q
more offspring are produced than can survive
A
over-reproduction
8
Q
traits are selected through…
A
- environment (natural selection)
- mates (sexual selection)
- humans (artificial selection)
- random events (genetic drift)
9
Q
selective pressures (increase/decrease) diversity
A
decrease
10
Q
only (available/not available) traits can be selected; the organism doesn’t make the traits they need
A
available
11
Q
change in traits over time WITHIN a species
A
MICROevolution
12
Q
change in traits over time ABOVE the species level
A
MACROevolution
13
Q
evolution is (linear/exponential)
A
exponential
14
Q
T/F: no organism is perfectly adapted to their environment
A
true
15
Q
sugar backbone
A
deoxyribose
16
Q
bases
A
nucleic acids
17
Q
A pairs with (T,C,G)
A
T
18
Q
C pairs with (A,T,G,)
A
G
19
Q
DNA is a…
A
molecule
20
Q
different DNA sequences =
A
different proteins
21
Q
different (DNA) proteins =
A
different form and function
22
Q
DNA codes for ________ –> ________ make and run you
A
proteins
23
Q
each codon (set of 3 bases) = specific _____ ____
A
amino acid
24
Q
there are (#) amino acids in a protein
A
20
25
used at different times in development, or due to environmental/physiological triggers, alone or with other proteins in different combinations
proteins
26
segment of DNA that codes for a protein
gene
27
_(#)_ gene = _(#)_ protein
1
28
different combinations of nucleotides within a gene segment
allele
29
1 whole strand of DNA that is tightly coiled
chromosome
30
1 chromosome from mom + 1 chromosome from dad = 2N are called...
homologous chromosomes
31
_(half/whole)_ genome is replicated for mitosis (or meiosis)
whole
32
gene (DNA) is copied in the nucleus, creating RNA, which is then transported to the ribosome
transcription
33
the RNA enters the ribosome which then reads, copies, and builds a protein
translation
34
gene expression is _(identical/different)_ is all life
identical
35
genomes _(vary/don't vary)_ in order and number of nucleotides (genetic diversity)
vary
36
change in DNA sequence, can be from EXTERNAL influences (i.e. chemo) or INTERNAL influences (i.e. replication errors)
mutation
37
T/F: mutations can occur in the "spare" without hurting the organism
true
38
mutation that exchanges 1 base
substitution mutation
39
mutation that removes or adds 1+ base, frame shift
deletion/insertion mutation
40
exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis (production of gametes)
sexual recombination
41
results in 4 gametes with a DIFFERENT collection of genes in a genome
meiosis
42
genes _(shuffle/don't shuffle)_ during gametogenesis/meiosis
shuffle
43
T/F: genes combine during fertilization
true
44
meiosis is _(random/not random)_; equal chance to give each allele
random
45
fertilization is _(random/not random)_; equal chance for each possible combination
random
46
T/F: whatever genotype you have codes for an expression, which then results in a phyical trait
true
47
diversity in genes = diversity in traits =
diversity in population ecology
48
movement of genes among populations, spreads mutations AMONG and WITHIN a species
gene flow
49
changes in DNA (mutations), result in changes in proteins, result in changes in the organism =
creates diversity
50
inherit DNA (change build up over time), result in change in proteins (which also build up over time), result in =
build up in diversity = INCREASE in range/niches = MORE POPULATIONS
51
T/F: when there are more populations, there is a lower chance of divergence (new species)
false. there is a higher chance of divergence
52
duplicated genes that can be "broken" or disabled
pseudogenes
53
you can use a pseudogene as a "molecular clock" to...
estimate constraints and mutation rates
54
T/F: pseudogenes still receive selective pressures
true
55
T/F: pseudogenes harm the organism
false. pseudogenes do not benefit or harm the organism
56
with pseudogenes, no proteins are produced which means there _(is/isn't)_ a trait (no function)
isn't
57
T/F: pseudogenes are still copied and inherited (builds up mutations)
true
58
successful traits "make it" due to survival and energy use (are they beneficial? yes - kept, no - rid of)
natural selection
59
natural selection _(is/isn't)_ predictable
is
60
T/F: natural selection = evolution
false. natural selection ≠ evolution
61
natural selection does not act on individual alleles, but rather the _(whole/half)_ organism
whole
62
the 3 steps to natural selection are...
1. limited resources available + over-reproduction = STRUGGLE for survival
2. variation of traits means some traits survive better than others
3. traits are inherited, over time the successful traits become more prevalent
63
successful traits "make it" due to what is desired to another species (i.e. someone wants their son to have brown eyes, so they choose the brown eye gene to be implemented)
artificial selection
64
T/F: artificial selection acts on FEW traits during growth and reproduction
true
65
T/F: artificial selection decreases survival via natural selection (the artificial trait may not survive what nature "chooses")
true
66
successful traits "make it" due to what is attractive to the mate
sexual selection
67
T/F: sexual selection does not act on sexual characteristics during courtship
false. it does act on sexual characteristics
68
sexual selection _(increases/decreases)_ survival via natural selection
decreases
69
T/F: artificial and sexual selection are like choices. you may pick what you like and what you want, but if nature doesn't like it, natural selection overrules
true
70
RANDOM selection, especially in smaller populations (2 types)
genetic drift
71
catastrophe decreases a population (big population --> small population); surviving traits are due to luck
bottleneck effect
72
a new population forms with few individuals (i.e. a group of birds settle on a deserted island, their traits "founded" the island because they were the first ones there); surviving traits are due to luck/chance
founder effect
73
1 EXTREME phenotype is favored over both the other extreme and moderate phenotypes. A population's genetic variance shifts toward a new phenotype when exposed to environmental changes. (POSITIVE change = POSITIVE direction) - i.e. peppered moth.
directional selection
74
increases genetic variance when natural selection selects for 2 or more extreme phenotypes that each have specific advantages - i.e. large lobsters obtain mates by brute force, small lobsters can sneakily obtain a mate in the alpha males territory
diversifying selection
75
average phenotypes are selected over phenotypes at the extremes - i.e. in a population of plants, those that are short may not get enough sunlight, but those that are tall and can get sunlight may be subjected to wind damage
stabilizing selection
76
the fittest are the best "fit" in the environment (extra energy for reproduction). The best "fit" will CHANGE with different environments
survival of the fittest
77
surviving trait (NOT purposeful traits for an environment)
adaptations
78
how new species form, gene flow STOPS (genetic isolation)
speciation
79
separated by a barrier, geographic isolation - i.e. bird on 1 island has a long beak to crack open coconuts, bird on island 2 has small beak to crack small nuts, geographic isolation is the water between islands
allopatric speciation
80
separated while sharing the same range - i.e. the apple maggot fly initially laid eggs on hawthorn fruit, but some flies adapted to lay eggs on apples, leading to divergence
sympatric speciation
81
separated due to distance in a large range - i.e. in an area contaminated by mines, some species of grass become tolerant to heavy metals, while others that don't live around the mines are not tolerant. Because the plants are close together, they could fertilize each other and result in a new species (they're able to reproduce, but because of different areas, they're adjusted to different things/environments)
parapatric speciation
82
a group of organisms with ONE ancestor and ALL descendants of that ancestor
clade
83
there _(is/isn't)_ an end to evolution; if the environment changes, different traits will become successful
isn't
84
major environmental (geologic) changes =
major biological (evolutionary) changes
85
- first life on earth = prokaryotes
- fossilized prokaryotes (stromatolites)
- first land masses
4 billion years ago
86
early photosynthesis = first O2 in atmos.
3 billion years ago
87
oxygen catastrophe (photosynthesizing bacterium appeared and released so much O2 into the atmosphere that anaerobic life was largely wiped out)
2.5 billion years ago
88
earliest multicellular organism (proto-plants, animals, and fungi)
1 billion years ago
89
- cambrian explosion (suddenly there was all this life on earth)
- colonization of land by plants and mosses
500 million years ago
90
arthropods came _(#)_ _______ years ago
450 million years ago
91
- colonization of land by vertebrates (i.e. birds)
- ferns evolve
- 1st tetrapod (vertebrate with 4 limbs and distinct digits): TIKTAALIK
400 million years ago
92
first reptiles and conifers (pinecone trees)
300 million years ago
93
- permian extinction "GREAT DYING" (extinction creates open niches)
- early dinosaurs
250 million years ago
94
- cretaceous extinction event (dinosaurs die, birds survive)
- birds and mammals expand into open niches
65 million years ago
95
pioneers of evolution
geologists
96
geologists noticed:
- different layers of earth had different fossils
- same species were found in the same layers of earth, but in different locations
- fossils that were buried deeper were similar and less recognizable
- some species were no longer found (extinct)
97
the study of geology "boomed" with coal mines and the industrial revolution ~_(year)_
1750
98
most life forms _________ after death
decompose
99
for fossilization to occur, and environment must:
- prevent decomposition
- have NO bacteria and NO O2
- be dry and salty, have cold temps.
100
process of fossilization:
1. animal/organism dies in/by the water
2. dead animal is covered by silt
3. if undisturbed, the animal is buried under several layers of silt (or by a collapsed dune, mudslide, ice, snow, etc.)
101
things that are most likely to fossilize:
- hard structures
- numerous organisms (large group) --> higher chance one will fossilize
- aquatic environments with fine mud deposits
- areas with low decomposition rates
- areas with NO erosion
102
how fossils are found:
- erosion uncovers fossils
- once exposed, must be excavated quickly (large fossils are easier to be found)
103
what can be learned from a fossil:
- an animal's/organism's shape and movement (form and function)
- an animal/s'/organism's color and texture
- behavior (food, fighting, care of young, etc.)
- species interactions
- community structure
104
we can date fossils radiometrically (i.e. carbon --> nitrogen, uranium --> lead, etc.) or by analyzing ____ ______
rock layers
105
distribution of species over space and time (plate tectonics/continental drift)
biogeography
106
organisms that are _(least/most)_ similar to each other will be closer to one another
most
107
organisms that are _(least/most)_ similar to each other will be further from one another
least
108
when separated by natural barriers, species _______
diverge
109
NEAR island = _(increase/decrease)_ in immigration
increase
110
LARGE islands = _(increase/decrease)_ in immigration
increase
111
SAME latitudes = _(increase/decrease)_ in immigration
increase
112
evolutionary developmental biology. Uses development of structures (embryology) to determine evolutionary origins
evo-devo
113
homologous traits, same ancestral trait + different environment = traits develop different function/appearance. START together, END separate
divergent
114
analogous traits, different ancestral trait + similar environment = trait develops similar function/appearance. START separate, END together
convergent
115
organs or parts of human, plant, and animal bodies that do not have any clear function and are considered to be residual parts from their respective ancestors (i.e. tails in humans)
vestigial organs
116
primate groups:
- prosimians: lemurs
- new world monkeys: in Americas
- old world monkeys: in Africa and Asia
- apes: chimps, gorillas, orangutans, and humans
117
humans _(did/didn't)_ descend from monkeys. Monkeys are on different branches. We share a common primate ancestor
Didn't
118
great ape (including human ancestors), family to which humans belong to
hominIDS
119
human ancestors, tribe level of humans
hominINS
120
survival of small mammals through the cretaceous extinction
65 million years ago
121
1 population of insectivores --> primate
50 million years ago
122
1 population of primates --> hominIDS (ape group)
14 million years ago
123
1 population of hominIDS --> hominINS (human group)
5 million years ago
124
1 population of hominINS --> homo sapiens
200 thousand years ago
125
ARDIpithecus ramidus "Ardi"
Ethiopia, 5 million years ago
126
Australopithecus afarensis "Lucy"
- Ethiopia, 4 million years ago
- oldest fossil found that had walking feet and hips
127
Homo habilis "handy-man"
- 2 million years ago
- simple tool use
128
Homo erectus
- Africa, Asia, Europe, 1 million years ago
- advanced tools and fire (culture and communication)
- 1st to leave Africa
129
Homo neanderthalensis "neanderthal"
- 500,000 years ago
- definite culture (and possibly religion)
- overlaps with homo sapiens
130
Homo floresiensis "the Hobbit"
- 50,000 years ago
- island habitat (small body, stunted growth)
- overlap with homo sapiens
131
Humans _(are/aren't)_ continuing to evolve
are
132
certain genes stay in populations because it increases survival
variation
133
different environments: different toxins, stress, climate change
selection
134
evolution is a _______; all life and every generation CHANGES allele frequencies and ADDS mutations
process
135
non-life --> life
abiogenesis
136
chemical building blocks
C, H, O, N
137
XNA
- uracil in space; uracil + sun = CYTOSINE
- can self-replicate
- no O2 mutagen
138
LIFE IS __________
INEVITABLE
