Unit 1 Topics Flashcards
1
Q
The ability of an organism to maintain homeostasis. The use of energy to maintain a set of conditions inside a cell/organism.
A
Life
2
Q
Life (is or is not) defined.
A
Is not
3
Q
Chemical reactions using proteins
A
Metabolism
4
Q
HEMP stands for…
A
Homeostasis, Energy, Metabolism, Proteins
5
Q
Energy is defined as…
A
(1) Photosynthesis, or eating things that photosynthesize, (2) spending energy to maintain homeostasis, (3) taking extra energy and storing it as fats/oils, OR using it for reproduction.
6
Q
Higher metabolism can benefit an organism by allowing them to: ____, _____, and ____ faster.
A
Move, react, grow
7
Q
Decline in biodiversity
A
Extinction
8
Q
A normal extinction rate is…
A
100 species/year
9
Q
CURRENTLY we are at an extinction rate of…
A
100,000 species/year
10
Q
Human-caused extinction
A
Anthropocene
11
Q
The current extinction event is known as the…
A
Holocene extinction, “the 6th extinction”
12
Q
Causes of the Holocene extinction
A
Overhunting, HABITAT DESTRUCTION, pollution, introduced species
13
Q
If plants collapse…
A
ALL life will collapse
14
Q
Increased biodiversity = (more/less) stability in an ecosystem
A
More
15
Q
More stability in an ecosystem = (lower/higher) survival rates
A
Higher
16
Q
A group of organisms that are capable of breeding in nature, and producing viable and fertile offspring.
A
Species
17
Q
T/F: Only breeding organisms (and sexual reproducing organisms) are capable of breeding in nature.
A
True
18
Q
Y/N: Can closely related species produce offspring (but rarely interact).
A
Yes
19
Q
Genes (can/cannot) mix within species.
A
Can
20
Q
Genes (do/don’t) mix between species.
A
Don’t
21
Q
Classification levels:
A
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
22
Q
Scientific name is…
A
Genus + species
23
Q
When writing a scientific name: what is italicized? What is capitalized? What is lowercase?
A
- The entire name is italicized
- Genus is always capitalized
- Species is always lowercase
24
Q
A scientific name is (general/unique) to each species. Each species has ONE name.
A
Unique
25
______ _____ refer to many different species. Some species don't have one, and different languages can have different ______ _____ for the same species.
Common names
26
The study of relationships in an environment.
Ecology
27
Type of ecology that is a subset of a species living in the same place/time.
Population ecology
28
Type of ecology that is all of the populations in an area.
Community ecology
29
Type of ecology that is the community + abiotic factors.
Ecosystem ecology
30
Carrying capacity, FEW offspring, LATER in life, SLOW...
K
31
Growth rate, LOTS of offspring, LOW quality (earlier in life), FAST...
r
32
The selected species that is better at adapting to changing environments
r
33
K selected species have more energy/care for their offspring = _(larger/smaller)_ offspring size and higher survival rates.
Larger
34
r selected species have lower energy/care for their offspring = _(larger/smaller)_ offspring size and lower survival rates.
Smaller
35
Long-lived species (K) _(accelerate/delay)_ reproduction. They increase in experience and size (saving energy before reproducing).
Delay
36
Parental investment for protection/teaching _(is/is not)_due to brain size.
Is not
37
The way species/organisms are spread out over a geographic area.
Geographic distribution
38
Range is impacted by _______ _______, i.e. anatomy/physiology, behaviors...
Natural history
39
Range _(changes/doesn't change)_ over time.
Changes
40
Extinctions in a local area
Extirpation
41
When range constricts, populations are...
Isolated
42
When range expands, populations...
Do not interact as much with each other (more distance is created).
43
Type 1 survivorship curve is...
K selected - steady until sharp decline (humans)
44
Type 2 survivorship curve is
Negative and linear (birds)
45
Type 3 survivorship curve is...
r selected - sharp decline and then steady (insects)
46
______ is affected by life history and survivorship.
Growth
47
Growth affects __________ ____, which then affects range.
Population size
48
All populations reproduce and (try to) grow _____________.
Exponentially
49
All populations _(positively/negatively)_ affect their environment (i.e. lower resources and higher wastes).
Negatively
50
The environment ______ all populations (i.e. lower birth rates and higher death rates) = LIMITING FACTORS
Limits
51
Reproductive growth rate equation:
((b+i)(d+e))/n
- b = births
- i = immigration
- d = deaths
- e = emigration
- n = starting population
52
The reproductive growth rate _(can/cannot)_ go below -1, but it can go as high as it wants.
Cannot
53
Maximum number of individuals a particular environment can support INDEFINITELY.
Carrying capacity
54
Factors that occur more often in high-density areas (i.e. disease, starvation).
Density-dependent factors
55
Factors that are equally likely in high and low density areas (i.e. weather patterns, earthquakes).
Density-independent factors
56
Exponential growth _(quickens/slows)_ due to limiting factors.
Slows
57
1/2 of K, point of fastest growth.
Inflection point
58
Same species interactions
Intraspecific
59
Interactions between 2 different species
Interspecific
60
Principle that states if 2 species need the same resources, only 1 species will survive (i.e. humans and neanderthals).
Competitive exclusion principle
61
You can avoid competition by...
Partitioning resources (i.e. feeding at different times, in different locations, or different foods).
62
Resource partitioning creates ______.
Niches
63
1 species = ___ niche (this is a BIG problem)
1
64
Part of the food web that make their own foods.
Producers
65
Part of the food web that eats producers, primarily HERBIVORES.
Primary consumers
66
Part of the food web that eats primary consumers, primarily CARNIVORES
Secondary consumers
67
Part of the food web that eats EVERYTHING
Decomposers
68
Organisms lose ___% of their energy at each level.
90
69
Predation is the _(most/not the most)_ severe.
Most
70
Prey spend _(lots/little)_ of their energy AVOIDING predation.
Lots
71
Ways to avoid predation are...
Camouflage, advertising danger, diverting attention, playing dead, mobbing, and mimicry.
72
There is _(lots/little)_ of biodiversity with parasitism.
Lots
73
Parasites do not take much energy, so there is _(more/less)_ of a fight against them.
Less
74
Parasites _(minimize/maximize)_ energy from the host.
Minimize
75
Controlling the host's behavior to help them succeed.
Parasite-host manipulation
76
Interaction between species where BOTH species benefit.
Mutualism/symbiosis
77
Interaction between species where one species benefit and the other is not affected.
Commensalism
78
Reduction in ones energy so the other can benefit (receive more energy)
Altruism
79
An organism temporarily reduces its fitness to benefit another organism.
Reciprocal altruism
80
Most abundant species in a community (biomass) = plants
Dominant species
81
T/F: A community is usually named after the dominant species?
True
82
Species that has a large effect on the environment and is disproportionate to biomass (often predators). TOP predators in an ecosystem.
Keystone species
83
Species that indicate to biologists specific environmental conditions (i.e. high O2 levels)
Indicator species
84
T/F: Indicator species are not limited to a particular niche?
False. They are limited to a particular niche.
85
Species that create the community (colonizers).
Pioneer species
86
Species that maintains equilibrium. Stages: (1) establishment - bare rock/ground, (2) facilitation - build soil, (3) inhibition - limits new species.
Climax species
87
Community + non-living elements (i.e. sunlight, water, nutrients)
Ecosystem
88
___________ biomes combine temperature/altitude and water.
Terrestrial
89
Biome with deep-rooted grasses to survive the cold, fires, and herbivores.
Grasslands
90
Biome that provides diversity and carbon.
Forests
91
Freshwater ecosystems make up __-__% of Earth's surface.
2-3
92
Zone that is warm, light-filled, and aerated.
Photic
93
Zone where nutrients fall into.
Aphotic
94
Zone that includes photic + benthic
Littoral
95
Specific biome that has low rainfall and high temperatures; also caused by "rain shadows"
Deserts
96
Specific biome that has medium rainfall, high temperatures, and grasses.
Savannas
97
Specific biome that has medium rainfall, medium temperatures, and grasses.
Prairies
98
Specific biome that has high temperatures, high rainfall, and trees.
Tropical rainforests
99
Specific biome that has high rainfall, medium temperatures, and trees.
Temperate rainforests
100
Specific biome that has high rainfall, low temperatures, and trees.
Boreal forests (taiga)
101
There is _(low/high)_ biodiversity at the edges of habitats, i.e. intertidal zones, continental shelf...
High
102
________ is needed to build proteins (amino acids).
Nitrogen
103
Earth's atmosphere is ___% nitrogen, but it is unusable.
80
104
Nitrogen is introduced into plants through ________ ________ by symbiotic bacteria.
Nitrogen fixation
105
Nitrogen in plants is transmitted through food webs as ________.
Proteins
106
_____________ releases nitrogen back into the atmosphere.
Decomposition
107
Erosion slowly releases __________ back into the atmosphere.
Phosphorus
108
Phosphorus is returned to rocks/soil when life forms ___.
Die
109
Phosphorus is used in...
ATP, DNA, and cell membranes
110
Nitrogen is used by algae with ______________.
Eutrophication
111
Photosynthesis converts carbon into ______.
Sugars
112
If sugar is used to power organisms, CO2 is released during ___________.
Respiration
113
If sugars are used in mass, CO2 is released when an organism ____.
Dies
114
______ _____ are created when a dead organism is buries rather than left to decay on the surface.
Fossil fuels
115
If fossil fuels are burned, CO2 is returned to the atmosphere VERY _(slowly/quickly)_.
Quickly
116
The atmosphere is composed of...
80% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, 0.1% greenhouse gases
117
Melting glaciers _(do/don't)_ cause sea levels to rise while melting sea ice _(does/doesn't)_ cause sea levels to rise.
Do, don't
118
Consequences of climate change...
- Weather is intensified
- Spread of disease
- Migration and evolution
- Evolution and extinction
- Agriculture
- Sea level rise
119
____ species (every cell) takes resources and creates wastes to live (homeostasis).
Every
120
Solutions to energy production problems...
- Reduce energy consumption
- Use energy efficient technology
- Eliminate "energy vampires"
- Support energy grid improvements
121
Tragedy of the commons...
1. "Free"/low cost resource
2. Individuals benefit by using more
3. The resource is now limited
4. Overuse of resource - no resources are left
122
Cutting forests = _(more/less)_ exterior species and ecosystems.
More
123
More edges of an ecosystem/species = _(more/less)_ interior species and ecosystems.
Less
124
Solutions to deforestation, overexploitation, and habitat fragmentation...
Urban renewal and agriculture, recycle metal and paper, corridors and habitat bridges, laws to restrict use, and privatization for preservation.
125
The U.S. throws away ~___ million tons of garbage a day and ~___ million plastic bottles/hour (lots from industry)
200, 250
126
Plastic _(does/doesn't)_ decompose, it just breaks down into microplastics.
Doesn't
127
Over time, a substance becomes concentrated inside the bodies of living things (i.e. fish are surrounded by mercury, over time, the mercury will begin to concentrate more and more inside the fish).
Bioaccumulation
128
Bioaccumulation is why top predators are the _(least/most)_ effective.
Most
129
_____ ______ cause nervous system damage, cancers, reproductive damage, etc.
Heavy metals
130
_________ __________ mimic hormones (i.e. BPA, PPCPs, phthalates)
Endocrine disruptors
131
___________ are very oily (i.e. dioxins, PCBs)
Carcinogens
132
Solutions to toxicant problems...
- Use less and use alternatives
- Support laws to monitor levels
- Support environmental justice
- Read labels and educate
133
Climate change _(does/doesn't)_ cause ozone layer depletion.
Doesn't
134
Ozone filters __-_ radiation in the stratosphere.
UV-B
135
Overexposure to UV-B radiation can cause...
- DNA mutation (i.e. skin cancer)
- Depletion of algae and nitrogen-fixing bacteria
136
T/F: overexposure to UV-B radiation is the only environmental problem that impacts white people more than black people.
True, melanin reduces exposure
137
An approach (research design) to find an answer (data and conclusion) to a question (science questions ≠ all questions)
Science
138
Averages, ranges, trends over time. Measures ONE variable.
Description
139
Relationship between 2 factors, measures TWO variables to find a relationship.
Correlation
140
Controlled or uncontrolled, cause and effect. Correlation ≠ causation. Manipulates ONE variable and measures ONE variable.
Experiment
141
Controlled experiments have a/are...
- Cause (independent variable)
- Effect (dependent variable)
- Controlled variable
- Randomly assigned sample
- Repeatable
142
Real-world, complex predictions.
Modeling
143
Selected members to study
Sample
144
A _(good/bad)_ sample is representative of the population.
Good
145
Category or description
Qualitative
146
Directly measure subjects of interest
Direct measurements
147
Measure another aspect, which reflects subject of interest
Indirect measurements
148
FORM stands for...
Falsifiable, Objective, Repeatable, Measurable
