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Biology 181 (Fall '24) > Unit 1 Topics > Flashcards

Unit 1 Topics Flashcards

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1
Q

The ability of an organism to maintain homeostasis. The use of energy to maintain a set of conditions inside a cell/organism.

A

Life

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2
Q

Life (is or is not) defined.

A

Is not

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3
Q

Chemical reactions using proteins

A

Metabolism

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4
Q

HEMP stands for…

A

Homeostasis, Energy, Metabolism, Proteins

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5
Q

Energy is defined as…

A

(1) Photosynthesis, or eating things that photosynthesize, (2) spending energy to maintain homeostasis, (3) taking extra energy and storing it as fats/oils, OR using it for reproduction.

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6
Q

Higher metabolism can benefit an organism by allowing them to: ____, _____, and ____ faster.

A

Move, react, grow

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7
Q

Decline in biodiversity

A

Extinction

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8
Q

A normal extinction rate is…

A

100 species/year

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9
Q

CURRENTLY we are at an extinction rate of…

A

100,000 species/year

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10
Q

Human-caused extinction

A

Anthropocene

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11
Q

The current extinction event is known as the…

A

Holocene extinction, “the 6th extinction”

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12
Q

Causes of the Holocene extinction

A

Overhunting, HABITAT DESTRUCTION, pollution, introduced species

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13
Q

If plants collapse…

A

ALL life will collapse

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14
Q

Increased biodiversity = (more/less) stability in an ecosystem

A

More

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15
Q

More stability in an ecosystem = (lower/higher) survival rates

A

Higher

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16
Q

A group of organisms that are capable of breeding in nature, and producing viable and fertile offspring.

A

Species

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17
Q

T/F: Only breeding organisms (and sexual reproducing organisms) are capable of breeding in nature.

A

True

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18
Q

Y/N: Can closely related species produce offspring (but rarely interact).

A

Yes

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19
Q

Genes (can/cannot) mix within species.

A

Can

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20
Q

Genes (do/don’t) mix between species.

A

Don’t

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21
Q

Classification levels:

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
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22
Q

Scientific name is…

A

Genus + species

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23
Q

When writing a scientific name: what is italicized? What is capitalized? What is lowercase?

A
  • The entire name is italicized
  • Genus is always capitalized
  • Species is always lowercase
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24
Q

A scientific name is (general/unique) to each species. Each species has ONE name.

A

Unique

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25
Q

______ _____ refer to many different species. Some species don’t have one, and different languages can have different ______ _____ for the same species.

A

Common names

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26
Q

The study of relationships in an environment.

A

Ecology

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27
Q

Type of ecology that is a subset of a species living in the same place/time.

A

Population ecology

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28
Q

Type of ecology that is all of the populations in an area.

A

Community ecology

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29
Q

Type of ecology that is the community + abiotic factors.

A

Ecosystem ecology

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30
Q

Carrying capacity, FEW offspring, LATER in life, SLOW…

A

K

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31
Q

Growth rate, LOTS of offspring, LOW quality (earlier in life), FAST…

A

r

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32
Q

The selected species that is better at adapting to changing environments

A

r

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33
Q

K selected species have more energy/care for their offspring = (larger/smaller) offspring size and higher survival rates.

A

Larger

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34
Q

r selected species have lower energy/care for their offspring = (larger/smaller) offspring size and lower survival rates.

A

Smaller

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35
Q

Long-lived species (K) (accelerate/delay) reproduction. They increase in experience and size (saving energy before reproducing).

A

Delay

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36
Q

Parental investment for protection/teaching _(is/is not)_due to brain size.

A

Is not

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37
Q

The way species/organisms are spread out over a geographic area.

A

Geographic distribution

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38
Q

Range is impacted by _______ _______, i.e. anatomy/physiology, behaviors…

A

Natural history

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39
Q

Range (changes/doesn’t change) over time.

A

Changes

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40
Q

Extinctions in a local area

A

Extirpation

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41
Q

When range constricts, populations are…

A

Isolated

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42
Q

When range expands, populations…

A

Do not interact as much with each other (more distance is created).

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43
Q

Type 1 survivorship curve is…

A

K selected - steady until sharp decline (humans)

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44
Q

Type 2 survivorship curve is

A

Negative and linear (birds)

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45
Q

Type 3 survivorship curve is…

A

r selected - sharp decline and then steady (insects)

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46
Q

______ is affected by life history and survivorship.

A

Growth

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47
Q

Growth affects __________ ____, which then affects range.

A

Population size

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48
Q

All populations reproduce and (try to) grow _____________.

A

Exponentially

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49
Q

All populations (positively/negatively) affect their environment (i.e. lower resources and higher wastes).

A

Negatively

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50
Q

The environment ______ all populations (i.e. lower birth rates and higher death rates) = LIMITING FACTORS

A

Limits

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51
Q

Reproductive growth rate equation:

A

((b+i)(d+e))/n
- b = births
- i = immigration
- d = deaths
- e = emigration
- n = starting population

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52
Q

The reproductive growth rate (can/cannot) go below -1, but it can go as high as it wants.

A

Cannot

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53
Q

Maximum number of individuals a particular environment can support INDEFINITELY.

A

Carrying capacity

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54
Q

Factors that occur more often in high-density areas (i.e. disease, starvation).

A

Density-dependent factors

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55
Q

Factors that are equally likely in high and low density areas (i.e. weather patterns, earthquakes).

A

Density-independent factors

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56
Q

Exponential growth (quickens/slows) due to limiting factors.

A

Slows

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57
Q

1/2 of K, point of fastest growth.

A

Inflection point

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58
Q

Same species interactions

A

Intraspecific

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59
Q

Interactions between 2 different species

A

Interspecific

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60
Q

Principle that states if 2 species need the same resources, only 1 species will survive (i.e. humans and neanderthals).

A

Competitive exclusion principle

61
Q

You can avoid competition by…

A

Partitioning resources (i.e. feeding at different times, in different locations, or different foods).

62
Q

Resource partitioning creates ______.

A

Niches

63
Q

1 species = ___ niche (this is a BIG problem)

A

1

64
Q

Part of the food web that make their own foods.

A

Producers

65
Q

Part of the food web that eats producers, primarily HERBIVORES.

A

Primary consumers

66
Q

Part of the food web that eats primary consumers, primarily CARNIVORES

A

Secondary consumers

67
Q

Part of the food web that eats EVERYTHING

A

Decomposers

68
Q

Organisms lose ___% of their energy at each level.

A

90

69
Q

Predation is the (most/not the most) severe.

A

Most

70
Q

Prey spend (lots/little) of their energy AVOIDING predation.

A

Lots

71
Q

Ways to avoid predation are…

A

Camouflage, advertising danger, diverting attention, playing dead, mobbing, and mimicry.

72
Q

There is (lots/little) of biodiversity with parasitism.

A

Lots

73
Q

Parasites do not take much energy, so there is (more/less) of a fight against them.

A

Less

74
Q

Parasites (minimize/maximize) energy from the host.

A

Minimize

75
Q

Controlling the host’s behavior to help them succeed.

A

Parasite-host manipulation

76
Q

Interaction between species where BOTH species benefit.

A

Mutualism/symbiosis

77
Q

Interaction between species where one species benefit and the other is not affected.

A

Commensalism

78
Q

Reduction in ones energy so the other can benefit (receive more energy)

A

Altruism

79
Q

An organism temporarily reduces its fitness to benefit another organism.

A

Reciprocal altruism

80
Q

Most abundant species in a community (biomass) = plants

A

Dominant species

81
Q

T/F: A community is usually named after the dominant species?

A

True

82
Q

Species that has a large effect on the environment and is disproportionate to biomass (often predators). TOP predators in an ecosystem.

A

Keystone species

83
Q

Species that indicate to biologists specific environmental conditions (i.e. high O2 levels)

A

Indicator species

84
Q

T/F: Indicator species are not limited to a particular niche?

A

False. They are limited to a particular niche.

85
Q

Species that create the community (colonizers).

A

Pioneer species

86
Q

Species that maintains equilibrium. Stages: (1) establishment - bare rock/ground, (2) facilitation - build soil, (3) inhibition - limits new species.

A

Climax species

87
Q

Community + non-living elements (i.e. sunlight, water, nutrients)

A

Ecosystem

88
Q

___________ biomes combine temperature/altitude and water.

A

Terrestrial

89
Q

Biome with deep-rooted grasses to survive the cold, fires, and herbivores.

A

Grasslands

90
Q

Biome that provides diversity and carbon.

A

Forests

91
Q

Freshwater ecosystems make up __-__% of Earth’s surface.

A

2-3

92
Q

Zone that is warm, light-filled, and aerated.

A

Photic

93
Q

Zone where nutrients fall into.

A

Aphotic

94
Q

Zone that includes photic + benthic

A

Littoral

95
Q

Specific biome that has low rainfall and high temperatures; also caused by “rain shadows”

A

Deserts

96
Q

Specific biome that has medium rainfall, high temperatures, and grasses.

A

Savannas

97
Q

Specific biome that has medium rainfall, medium temperatures, and grasses.

A

Prairies

98
Q

Specific biome that has high temperatures, high rainfall, and trees.

A

Tropical rainforests

99
Q

Specific biome that has high rainfall, medium temperatures, and trees.

A

Temperate rainforests

100
Q

Specific biome that has high rainfall, low temperatures, and trees.

A

Boreal forests (taiga)

101
Q

There is (low/high) biodiversity at the edges of habitats, i.e. intertidal zones, continental shelf…

A

High

102
Q

________ is needed to build proteins (amino acids).

A

Nitrogen

103
Q

Earth’s atmosphere is ___% nitrogen, but it is unusable.

A

80

104
Q

Nitrogen is introduced into plants through ________ ________ by symbiotic bacteria.

A

Nitrogen fixation

105
Q

Nitrogen in plants is transmitted through food webs as ________.

A

Proteins

106
Q

_____________ releases nitrogen back into the atmosphere.

A

Decomposition

107
Q

Erosion slowly releases __________ back into the atmosphere.

A

Phosphorus

108
Q

Phosphorus is returned to rocks/soil when life forms ___.

A

Die

109
Q

Phosphorus is used in…

A

ATP, DNA, and cell membranes

110
Q

Nitrogen is used by algae with ______________.

A

Eutrophication

111
Q

Photosynthesis converts carbon into ______.

A

Sugars

112
Q

If sugar is used to power organisms, CO2 is released during ___________.

A

Respiration

113
Q

If sugars are used in mass, CO2 is released when an organism ____.

A

Dies

114
Q

______ _____ are created when a dead organism is buries rather than left to decay on the surface.

A

Fossil fuels

115
Q

If fossil fuels are burned, CO2 is returned to the atmosphere VERY (slowly/quickly).

A

Quickly

116
Q

The atmosphere is composed of…

A

80% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, 0.1% greenhouse gases

117
Q

Melting glaciers (do/don’t) cause sea levels to rise while melting sea ice (does/doesn’t) cause sea levels to rise.

A

Do, don’t

118
Q

Consequences of climate change…

A
  • Weather is intensified
  • Spread of disease
  • Migration and evolution
  • Evolution and extinction
  • Agriculture
  • Sea level rise
119
Q

____ species (every cell) takes resources and creates wastes to live (homeostasis).

A

Every

120
Q

Solutions to energy production problems…

A
  • Reduce energy consumption
  • Use energy efficient technology
  • Eliminate “energy vampires”
  • Support energy grid improvements
121
Q

Tragedy of the commons…

A
  1. “Free”/low cost resource
  2. Individuals benefit by using more
  3. The resource is now limited
  4. Overuse of resource - no resources are left
122
Q

Cutting forests = (more/less) exterior species and ecosystems.

A

More

123
Q

More edges of an ecosystem/species = (more/less) interior species and ecosystems.

A

Less

124
Q

Solutions to deforestation, overexploitation, and habitat fragmentation…

A

Urban renewal and agriculture, recycle metal and paper, corridors and habitat bridges, laws to restrict use, and privatization for preservation.

125
Q

The U.S. throws away ~___ million tons of garbage a day and ~___ million plastic bottles/hour (lots from industry)

A

200, 250

126
Q

Plastic (does/doesn’t) decompose, it just breaks down into microplastics.

A

Doesn’t

127
Q

Over time, a substance becomes concentrated inside the bodies of living things (i.e. fish are surrounded by mercury, over time, the mercury will begin to concentrate more and more inside the fish).

A

Bioaccumulation

128
Q

Bioaccumulation is why top predators are the (least/most) effective.

A

Most

129
Q

_____ ______ cause nervous system damage, cancers, reproductive damage, etc.

A

Heavy metals

130
Q

_________ __________ mimic hormones (i.e. BPA, PPCPs, phthalates)

A

Endocrine disruptors

131
Q

___________ are very oily (i.e. dioxins, PCBs)

A

Carcinogens

132
Q

Solutions to toxicant problems…

A
  • Use less and use alternatives
  • Support laws to monitor levels
  • Support environmental justice
  • Read labels and educate
133
Q

Climate change (does/doesn’t) cause ozone layer depletion.

A

Doesn’t

134
Q

Ozone filters __-_ radiation in the stratosphere.

A

UV-B

135
Q

Overexposure to UV-B radiation can cause…

A
  • DNA mutation (i.e. skin cancer)
  • Depletion of algae and nitrogen-fixing bacteria
136
Q

T/F: overexposure to UV-B radiation is the only environmental problem that impacts white people more than black people.

A

True, melanin reduces exposure

137
Q

An approach (research design) to find an answer (data and conclusion) to a question (science questions ≠ all questions)

A

Science

138
Q

Averages, ranges, trends over time. Measures ONE variable.

A

Description

139
Q

Relationship between 2 factors, measures TWO variables to find a relationship.

A

Correlation

140
Q

Controlled or uncontrolled, cause and effect. Correlation ≠ causation. Manipulates ONE variable and measures ONE variable.

A

Experiment

141
Q

Controlled experiments have a/are…

A
  • Cause (independent variable)
  • Effect (dependent variable)
  • Controlled variable
  • Randomly assigned sample
  • Repeatable
142
Q

Real-world, complex predictions.

A

Modeling

143
Q

Selected members to study

A

Sample

144
Q

A (good/bad) sample is representative of the population.

A

Good

145
Q

Category or description

A

Qualitative

146
Q

Directly measure subjects of interest

A

Direct measurements

147
Q

Measure another aspect, which reflects subject of interest

A

Indirect measurements

148
Q

FORM stands for…

A

Falsifiable, Objective, Repeatable, Measurable

Biology 181 (Fall '24) (5 decks)

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