Unit 4 Topic 4 - Cross-cultural psychology

Question 1

Identify the four elements which lead to a sense of community (4.4.1.1)

Answer 1

membership

influence

integration and the fulfilment of needs

shared emotional connection

Question 2

Describe how membership leads to a sense of community (4.4.1.1)

Answer 2

Membership is a feeling of belonging or sharing a sense of personal relatedness

Attributes:
- boundaries (limits of who can and can’t join)
- emotional safety (security; shows emotions)
- a sense of belonging and identification
- personal investment (work for membership)
- a common symbol system

Question 3

Describe how influence leads to a sense of community (4.4.1.1)

Answer 3

Influence is a sense of mattering, making a difference to a group, and of the group mattering to its members

Attributes:
- members feel influential
- more cohesion, more influence

Question 4

Describe how integration and fulfilment of needs leads to a sense of community (4.4.1.1)

Answer 4

Members needs will be met by the resources received through their membership in the group

Attributes:
- reinforcement is a primary function of a strong community
- rewards of status membership, success of the community

Question 5

Describe how shared emotional connection leads to a sense of community (4.4.1.1)

Answer 5

Commitment and belief that members have shared and will share history, common places, time together and similar experiences

Attributes:
- contact hypothesis (more contact, more emotional connection)
- quality of interactions
- closure to events
- shared valent event hypothesis
- investment
- honour/humiliation
- spiritual bonds

Question 6

Define culture (4.4.1.2)

Answer 6

the standards or norms that a particular group of people adhere to with regards to the way that they live

Question 7

Explain dynamic culture (4.4.1.2)

Answer 7

culture changes to reflect the people who make it up

Question 8

Culture focusses on a groups _____, _____ and ______. (4.4.1.2)

Answer 8

beliefs, behaviours, values

Question 9

Distinguish between multiculturalism and pluralism (4.4.1.3)

Answer 9

Multiculturalism – many cultures which retain their distinct identities, however, there is no dominant culture.

Pluralism – smaller groups are integrated into a dominant group and retain their own cultural identity and beliefs, behaviours, and values so long as those do not conflict with those of the majority.

Question 10

Define immigration (4.4.1.4)

Answer 10

the act of individuals moving from their country of origin to a new country

Question 11

Describe cultural shock from immigration (4.4.1.4)

Answer 11

Cultural shock is a range of experiences associated with living in an unfamiliar culture

• can results in anxiety, stress, panic, disorientation, feeling of vulnerability, etc.
• can be overcome by integration, research, and acculturation

Question 12

Decribe acculturation from immigration (4.4.1.4)

Answer 12

acculturation is when an individual who has migrated to a country, retains their core cultural values and ideals, whilst still abiding by the rules of the new culture

• the individual is adapting to both cultures
• the majority culture must be willing to accept the retained cultural values

Question 13

Describe assimilation from immigration (4.4.1.4)

Answer 13

an individual adapts to or adopts a new culture completely

• the individual loosing aspects of their own culture and either adapting it to fit into the cultural setting or losing it entirely

Question 14

Explain how cultural diversity can sometimes be a source of conflict (4.4.1.5)

Answer 14

When multiple groups are interacting, there is a potential for conflict caused by:

social identity theory: elevate groups we have memberships in over others

confirmation and self-serving bias: ingrain stereotypes about other groups

fundamental attribution error: attribute the behaviour of others to dispositional factors

Question 15

Define racism (4.4.1.5)

Answer 15

discrimination and prejudice are directed towards someone on the basis of ethnic or racial group

Question 16

Differentiate implicit and explicit prejudice (4.4.1.5)

Answer 16

Implicit Prejudice – an individual is prejudiced without realising it (the individual is not consciously aware that they are being racist)

Explicit Prejudice – an individual is knowingly prejudiced (the individual is consciously aware that they are being racist)

Question 17

Identify ways to reduce prejudice (4.4.1.6)

Answer 17

intergroup contact

sustained contact

superordinate goals

mutual interdependence

equality (equal-status contact)

Question 18

Describe intergroup contact as a way to reduce prejudice (4.4.1.6)

Answer 18

both groups have contact with each other (no segregation)

• reduces social distance, making it easier to learn about the group (sense of community link)
• as we learn more about the group, we are less prejudiced towards them

Question 19

Describe sustained contact as a way to reduce prejudice (4.4.1.6)

Answer 19

the contact between the groups should be sustained

• without sustained contact, insufficient information can be gathered to dispel stereotypes
• to develop trust of the group, repeated interactions are needed
• the goal is to see members as individuals and not defining them solely by their membership

Question 20

Describe superordinate goals as a way to reduce prejudice (4.4.1.6)

Answer 20

cooperating on a goal important to both groups can reduce prejudice

• cooperating incentivises individuals to learn more about members of the other group
• more likely to have intergroup contact
• stereotypes can be dispelled, and biases can be reduced

Question 21

Describe mutual interdependence as a way to reduce prejudice (4.4.1.6)

Answer 21

having groups rely on each other reduces prejudice

• mutual interdependence increases motivation to learn about people in the other group, thus, reducing prejudice

Question 22

Describe equality (equal-status contact) as a way to reduce prejudice (4.4.1.6)

Answer 22

interactions should occur on the context of equal status

if this doesn’t occur, contact is likely to perpetuate stereotypes, resentment, and hostility