Unit 4 Topic 2

Question 1

What is prosocial behaviour?

Answer 1

helping behaviour that benefits other people and society in general.

Question 2

What is the bystander intervention?

Answer 2

the act of someone voluntarily helping someone else.

Question 3

What is the bystander effect?

Answer 3

When people in a group take longer / don’t help because they think someone else will instead.

Question 4

What are two social factors influencing prosocial behaviour.

Answer 4

Reciprocity Principle – do to others what they do to you (pay people back with more good behaviour)

Social Responsibility Norm – members of group are expected to provide help for people who need it or are dependent without expectation of favours being returned.

Question 5

What is empathy?

Answer 5

the capacity to understand and respond to the distress of emotions of others, which often leads to prosocial behaviours.

Question 6

How does empathy impact prosocial behaviours and bystander intervention?

Answer 6

Arousal – helping others in distress to relieve unpleasant emotions from empathising. Selfish reason rather than genuine concern.

Similarity – more likely to help and feel empathy to those similar to us.

Genuine Desire to Help – genuinely feel sad for victim, both people feel better at end.

Question 7

What is mood defined as?

Answer 7

an emotional state that can affect our perceptions, thoughts and behaviours.

Question 8

How does mood affect prosocial behaviours?

Answer 8

Good mood = more likely to demonstrate prosocial behaviour.

Succeeding at task = more like to help those failing at task.

Question 9

What is competence defined as?

Answer 9

an individual’s ability to respond effectively to a situation or to perform a task successfully.

Question 10

How does competence affect prosocial behaviours and bystander intervention?

Answer 10

How bystanders perceive their competence will affect if they offer help for an emergency or task.

Question 11

What is altruism?

Answer 11

a prosocial behaviour that involves selflessness or helping others, even if there is nothing to be gained personally or even if there is personal cost.

Question 12

What is an antisocial behaviour?

Answer 12

behaviour that is harmful to others and ultimately to the community.

Question 13

What is a diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 13

The presence of others leads to the bystander feeling less responsible for helping the person in need. Each bystander beliefs the other will act.

Question 14

What is audience inhibition?

Answer 14

Presence of other bystanders makes potential helper feel self-conscious and thus inhibit helping behaviour. Fear of being judged leads to action.

Question 15

What is social influence in the context of bystander behaviour.

Answer 15

reaction of other bystanders influences likelihood to help.

Unconcerned = person won’t act
Concerned = person will act

Question 16

What is a cost-benefit analysis in the context of bystander behaviour?

Answer 16

bystanders weigh pros and cons before deciding to help in emergency situations.

Physiological processes and cognitive processes.

Question 17

What is aggression and what are the two forms?

Answer 17

Aggression– a behaviour directed towards others that is intended to cause harm.

Hostile Aggression – emotional, impulsive aggression that is a reaction to pain or distress

Instrumental Aggression – aggression that is deliberately planned.

Question 18

What is the General Aggression Model and who came up with it?

Answer 18

A social-cognitive theory of aggression that suggests that exposure to violent video games increases likelihood of perceiving a situation as aggressive.

Brad Bushman and Graig Anderson

Question 19

What is the definition of a relationship?

Answer 19

The connection between two or more people.

Question 20

What is attraction?

Answer 20

the ability to evoke interest and attention.

Question 21

What is the attractiveness halo effect?

Answer 21

People assume that attractive people have additional positive qualities. (More intelligent, kinder, more successful)

Question 22

What is the evolutionary advantage view?

Answer 22

the theory that suggests the reason why symmetry in face is attractive because it suggests good health.

Question 23

What is the perceptual bias view?

Answer 23

theory states the reason why symmetrical faces are more attractive is because visual centres of brain find symmetry easier to process.

Question 24

How does natural selection relate to attraction?

Answer 24

People unconsciously choose partners to ensure best genes are passed down to future generations.

Question 25

How does proximity affect attraction?

Answer 25

• increasing proximity to potential mate will increase likelihood of attraction towards them.
• led to the mere exposure effect:

psychological phenomenon that predicts individuals who spend more time with someone and become more familiar with them will prefer them over other people who they’ve spent less time with.

Question 26

What are the two ways a relationship can end?

Answer 26

Relationship satisfaction and dissolution

Question 27

What is relationship dissolution?

Answer 27

the ending of a relationship initiated by at least one partner in the relationship.