Unit 3 Topic 1 Flashcards
What makes up the central nervous system?
brain and spinal cord
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
autonomic and somatic systems. Somatic contains sensory and motor neurons, autonomic contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
What is the role of the sensory and motor neurons?
Sensory neurons detect stimuli and send impulse to other neurons.
Motor neurons carry impulse to muscle or gland to create response.
Interneurons connect the two.
What are the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Sympathetic is fight or flight, activating body for alertness during needed times.
Parasympathetic is maintaining regular day to day level of arousal and homeostasis (chilling).
What is a reflex (in context of spinal reflex)
rapid involuntary preprogrammed response that activates muscles and glands to help avoid further tissue damage.
What is a monosynaptic reflex arc?
involves only one synapse as affector neuron communicates directly with effector neuron
What is a polysynaptic reflex arc?
involves interneurons connecting affector ad effector neurons.
What are the four lobes of the brain and their functions?
Frontal – higher order thinking, problem solving, decision making, planning, personality and self-awareness
Parietal – somatosensory information, map of body, touch, interpretation of words and language
Occipital – visual information
Temporal – memory, emotions, hearing, Wernicke’s area, organisation and sequencing.
What are the three regions of the brain
Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain
What is the role of the cerebral cortex
contains neuron fibres
What is the role of the cerebrum
contains the four lobes
What makes up the limbic system
HAT HIPPO
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Thalamus
Hippocampus
What are the three steps of voluntary movement and which brain sections are used?
Basal ganglia – gathers information from various areas of brain and channeling to motor cortex, blocks unnecessary movements
Cerebellum – stores sequences of movements previously learnt (procedural implicit memory), coordinates and integrates information in other parts of brain, sends information through nerves to primary motor cortex.
Primary Motor Cortex – activates neural impulses that initiate voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
Draw a diagram of a neuron and label important parts.
See Unit 3 Lesson 5 PP
Draw a diagram of the lock and key process / synaptic cleft and label important elements
See Unit 3 Lesson 5 PP
what is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory synapses?
Excitatory = exciting
Inhibitory = relax
Excitatory excite target cell and cause action potential, inhibitory inhibit target cell and are less likely to cause action potential.
What is the difference between glutamate and GABA?
GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and glutamate is excitatory.
GABA – relaxed, regulates anxiety, attention span and sleep also involved.
Glutamate – important role in memory and learning, too much causes seizures.
Summarise role of acetylcholine.
- in brain and spinal cord and peripheral nervous system
- involved in muscle contractions, learning, memory and REM sleep
Summarise role of norepinephrine
neurotransmitter and hormone involved in stress responses, alertness, arousal, emotional regulation and attention
Summarise the role of serotonin
neurotransmitter involved in regulation of mood, sleep, eating, arousal and pain.
Summarise role of epinephrine.
involved in stress responses.
Summarise role of dopamine.
neurotransmitter involved in thoughts, feelings, motivation and behaviours.
What is Alzheimers Disease and its symptoms?
a disease that progressively destroys neurons in brain, causing memory loss. Symptoms include memory loss, impaired attention, confusion, disordered thinking and depression.
What happens to the ventricles, cerebral cortex and hippocampus from Alzheimers Disease?
Hippocampus (critical to formation of new memories) shrinks severely.
Ventricles fill with cerebrospinal fluid and grow larger.
Cerebral cortex (responsible for language processing and information processing) shrivels and damages areas involving thinking, planning and remembering.
What is Parkisons Disease and its symptoms?
progressive neurological condition known to affect control of movement. Symptoms include tremors, muscle rigidity, slowness in voluntary movement, bad posture and balance, memory loss, slowed thinking and planning, loss of smell.
What happens to dopamine levels that cause Parkinsons Disease
Dopamine helps basal ganglia. Lack of dopamine means neurons fire uncontrollably in striatum (area responsible for movement). Leads to tremors and shuffling
