Unit 3 Topic 1

Question 1

What makes up the central nervous system?

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 2

autonomic and somatic systems. Somatic contains sensory and motor neurons, autonomic contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Question 3

What is the role of the sensory and motor neurons?

Answer 3

Sensory neurons detect stimuli and send impulse to other neurons.
Motor neurons carry impulse to muscle or gland to create response.
Interneurons connect the two.

Question 4

What are the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

Answer 4

Sympathetic is fight or flight, activating body for alertness during needed times.
Parasympathetic is maintaining regular day to day level of arousal and homeostasis (chilling).

Question 5

What is a reflex (in context of spinal reflex)

Answer 5

rapid involuntary preprogrammed response that activates muscles and glands to help avoid further tissue damage.

Question 6

What is a monosynaptic reflex arc?

Answer 6

involves only one synapse as affector neuron communicates directly with effector neuron

Question 7

What is a polysynaptic reflex arc?

Answer 7

involves interneurons connecting affector ad effector neurons.

Question 8

What are the four lobes of the brain and their functions?

Answer 8

Frontal – higher order thinking, problem solving, decision making, planning, personality and self-awareness
Parietal – somatosensory information, map of body, touch, interpretation of words and language
Occipital – visual information
Temporal – memory, emotions, hearing, Wernicke’s area, organisation and sequencing.

Question 9

What are the three regions of the brain

Answer 9

Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain

Question 10

What is the role of the cerebral cortex

Answer 10

contains neuron fibres

Question 11

What is the role of the cerebrum

Answer 11

contains the four lobes

Question 12

What makes up the limbic system

Answer 12

HAT HIPPO
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Thalamus
Hippocampus

Question 13

What are the three steps of voluntary movement and which brain sections are used?

Answer 13

Basal ganglia – gathers information from various areas of brain and channeling to motor cortex, blocks unnecessary movements

Cerebellum – stores sequences of movements previously learnt (procedural implicit memory), coordinates and integrates information in other parts of brain, sends information through nerves to primary motor cortex.

Primary Motor Cortex – activates neural impulses that initiate voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

Question 14

Draw a diagram of a neuron and label important parts.

Answer 14

See Unit 3 Lesson 5 PP

Question 15

Draw a diagram of the lock and key process / synaptic cleft and label important elements

Answer 15

See Unit 3 Lesson 5 PP

Question 16

what is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory synapses?

Answer 16

Excitatory = exciting
Inhibitory = relax
Excitatory excite target cell and cause action potential, inhibitory inhibit target cell and are less likely to cause action potential.

Question 17

What is the difference between glutamate and GABA?

Answer 17

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and glutamate is excitatory.
GABA – relaxed, regulates anxiety, attention span and sleep also involved.
Glutamate – important role in memory and learning, too much causes seizures.

Question 18

Summarise role of acetylcholine.

Answer 18

• in brain and spinal cord and peripheral nervous system
• involved in muscle contractions, learning, memory and REM sleep

Question 19

Summarise role of norepinephrine

Answer 19

neurotransmitter and hormone involved in stress responses, alertness, arousal, emotional regulation and attention

Question 20

Summarise the role of serotonin

Answer 20

neurotransmitter involved in regulation of mood, sleep, eating, arousal and pain.

Question 21

Summarise role of epinephrine.

Answer 21

involved in stress responses.

Question 22

Summarise role of dopamine.

Answer 22

neurotransmitter involved in thoughts, feelings, motivation and behaviours.

Question 23

What is Alzheimers Disease and its symptoms?

Answer 23

a disease that progressively destroys neurons in brain, causing memory loss. Symptoms include memory loss, impaired attention, confusion, disordered thinking and depression.

Question 24

What happens to the ventricles, cerebral cortex and hippocampus from Alzheimers Disease?

Answer 24

Hippocampus (critical to formation of new memories) shrinks severely.
Ventricles fill with cerebrospinal fluid and grow larger.
Cerebral cortex (responsible for language processing and information processing) shrivels and damages areas involving thinking, planning and remembering.

Question 25

What is Parkisons Disease and its symptoms?

Answer 25

progressive neurological condition known to affect control of movement. Symptoms include tremors, muscle rigidity, slowness in voluntary movement, bad posture and balance, memory loss, slowed thinking and planning, loss of smell.

Question 26

What happens to dopamine levels that cause Parkinsons Disease

Answer 26

Dopamine helps basal ganglia. Lack of dopamine means neurons fire uncontrollably in striatum (area responsible for movement). Leads to tremors and shuffling